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The Biochemical Journal Dec 1954
Topics: Fats; Fatty Acids; Food; Humans
PubMed: 13229995
DOI: 10.1042/bj0580513 -
Scientific Reports May 2020Dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs) are present in trace levels in dairy fat and some fish and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs,...
Dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs) are present in trace levels in dairy fat and some fish and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), are associated with lower risks of cardiometabolic diseases, and higher dietary intake of OCFAs is associated with lower mortality. Population-wide circulating OCFA levels, however, have been declining over recent years. Here, we show C15:0 as an active dietary fatty acid that attenuates inflammation, anemia, dyslipidemia, and fibrosis in vivo, potentially by binding to key metabolic regulators and repairing mitochondrial function. This is the first demonstration of C15:0's direct role in attenuating multiple comorbidities using relevant physiological mechanisms at established circulating concentrations. Pairing our findings with evidence that (1) C15:0 is not readily made endogenously, (2) lower C15:0 dietary intake and blood concentrations are associated with higher mortality and a poorer physiological state, and (3) C15:0 has demonstrated activities and efficacy that parallel associated health benefits in humans, we propose C15:0 as a potential essential fatty acid. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of decades of reduced intake of OCFA-containing foods as contributors to C15:0 deficiencies and susceptibilities to chronic disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifibrinolytic Agents; Cell Line; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Mice; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 32424181
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Dec 2002Fatty acid oxidation defects are being increasingly identified as causes of abnormal heart function and sudden death in children. Children with medium-chain...
UNLABELLED
Fatty acid oxidation defects are being increasingly identified as causes of abnormal heart function and sudden death in children. Children with medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) dehydrogenase defects can metabolize fatty acids labeled in the carboxylic acid end of the compound. Accordingly, our goal was to label a long-chain fatty acid in the omega-position and evaluate its myocardial kinetics.
METHODS
Heptadecanoic acid, a 17-carbon fatty acid, was labeled in the C-17 position with (11)C by the general process of coupling (11)C-methyliodide to t-butyl-15-hexadecanoate. Yield was approximately 5%-10% end-of-bombardment. Subsequently, evaluation studies were performed on isolated perfused rat hearts and in intact, anesthetized dogs. The myocardial uptake and efflux of 17-(11)C-heptadecanoic acid were compared with those of 1-(11)C-palmitate.
RESULTS
With the exception of delayed efflux of tracer reflecting the temporal delay for beta-oxidation, the washout of 17-(11)C-heptadecanoic acid from the heart mirrored that of 1-(11)C-palmitate in isolated rat hearts and in intact dogs with PET.
CONCLUSION
17-(11)C-Heptadecanoic acid may be a useful tracer for the identification of defects in fatty acid metabolism in subjects with medium- and short-chain fatty acid oxidation defects.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Dogs; Fatty Acids; Myocardium; Perfusion; Rats; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 12468523
DOI: No ID Found -
PLoS Medicine Oct 2018We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).
METHODS AND FINDINGS
Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Prespecified interactions by age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity were explored in each cohort and were meta-analysed. Potential heterogeneity by cohort-specific characteristics (regions, lipid compartments used for fatty acid assays) was assessed with metaregression. After adjustment for potential confounders, including measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference) and lipogenesis (levels of palmitate, triglycerides), higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with lower incidence of T2D. In the most adjusted model, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident T2D per cohort-specific 10th to 90th percentile range of 15:0 was 0.80 (0.73-0.87); of 17:0, 0.65 (0.59-0.72); of t16:1n7, 0.82 (0.70-0.96); and of their sum, 0.71 (0.63-0.79). In exploratory analyses, similar associations for 15:0, 17:0, and the sum of all three fatty acids were present in both genders but stronger in women than in men (pinteraction < 0.001). Whereas studying associations with biomarkers has several advantages, as limitations, the biomarkers do not distinguish between different food sources of dairy fat (e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk), and residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured confounders may exist.
CONCLUSIONS
In a large meta-analysis that pooled the findings from 16 prospective cohort studies, higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with a lower risk of T2D.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Australia; Biomarkers; Dairy Products; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Europe; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Incidence; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Taiwan; United States
PubMed: 30303968
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002670 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Aug 2010Despite current advances in PET/CT systems, blood sampling still remains the standard method to obtain the radiotracer input function for tracer kinetic modelling. The...
Image-derived input function in dynamic human PET/CT: methodology and validation with 11C-acetate and 18F-fluorothioheptadecanoic acid in muscle and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in brain.
PURPOSE
Despite current advances in PET/CT systems, blood sampling still remains the standard method to obtain the radiotracer input function for tracer kinetic modelling. The purpose of this study was to validate the use of image-derived input functions (IDIF) of the carotid and femoral arteries to measure the arterial input function (AIF) in PET imaging. The data were obtained from two different research studies, one using (18)F-FDG for brain imaging and the other using (11)C-acetate and (18)F-fluoro-6-thioheptadecanoic acid ((18)F-FTHA) in femoral muscles.
METHODS
The method was validated with two phantom systems. First, a static phantom consisting of syringes of different diameters containing radioactivity was used to determine the recovery coefficient (RC) and spill-in factors. Second, a dynamic phantom built to model bolus injection and clearance of tracers was used to establish the correlation between blood sampling, AIF and IDIF. The RC was then applied to the femoral artery data from PET imaging studies with (11)C-acetate and (18)F-FTHA and to carotid artery data from brain imaging with (18)F-FDG. These IDIF data were then compared to actual AIFs from patients.
RESULTS
With (11)C-acetate, the perfusion index in the femoral muscle was 0.34+/-0.18 min(-1) when estimated from the actual time-activity blood curve, 0.29+/-0.15 min(-1) when estimated from the corrected IDIF, and 0.66+/-0.41 min(-1) when the IDIF data were not corrected for RC. A one-way repeated measures (ANOVA) and Tukey's test showed a statistically significant difference for the IDIF not corrected for RC (p<0.0001). With (18)F-FTHA there was a strong correlation between Patlak slopes, the plasma to tissue transfer rate calculated using the true plasma radioactivity content and the corrected IDIF for the femoral muscles (vastus lateralis r=0.86, p=0.027; biceps femoris r=0.90, p=0.017). On the other hand, there was no correlation between the values derived using the AIF and those derived using the uncorrected IDIF. Finally, in the brain imaging study with (18)F-FDG, the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) measured using the uncorrected IDIF was consistently overestimated. The CMRglc obtained using blood sampling was 13.1+/-3.9 mg/100 g per minute and 14.0+/-5.7 mg/100 g per minute using the corrected IDIF (r ( 2 )=0.90).
CONCLUSION
Correctly obtained, carotid and femoral artery IDIFs can be used as a substitute for AIFs to perform tracer kinetic modelling in skeletal femoral muscles and brain analyses.
Topics: Acetates; Adult; Brain; Carbon; Carotid Arteries; Fatty Acids; Femoral Artery; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Phantoms, Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 20437239
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1443-z -
PloS One 2015Similar to humans, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can develop metabolic syndrome and associated high ferritin. While fish and fish-based fatty acids may...
Similar to humans, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can develop metabolic syndrome and associated high ferritin. While fish and fish-based fatty acids may protect against metabolic syndrome in humans, findings have been inconsistent. To assess potential protective factors against metabolic syndrome related to fish diets, fatty acids were compared between two dolphin populations with higher (n = 30, Group A) and lower (n = 19, Group B) mean insulin (11 ± 12 and 2 ± 5 μIU/ml, respectively; P < 0.0001) and their dietary fish. In addition to higher insulin, triglycerides, and ferritin, Group A had lower percent serum heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) compared to Group B (0.3 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.4%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Using multivariate stepwise regression, higher percent serum C17:0, a saturated fat found in dairy fat, rye, and some fish, was an independent predictor of lower insulin in dolphins. Capelin, a common dietary fish for Group A, had no detectable C17:0, while pinfish and mullet, common in Group B's diet, had C17:0 (41 and 67 mg/100g, respectively). When a modified diet adding 25% pinfish and/or mullet was fed to six Group A dolphins over 24 weeks (increasing the average daily dietary C17:0 intake from 400 to 1700 mg), C17:0 serum levels increased, high ferritin decreased, and blood-based metabolic syndrome indices normalized toward reference levels. These effects were not found in four reference dolphins. Further, higher total serum C17:0 was an independent and linear predictor of lower ferritin in dolphins in Group B dolphins. Among off the shelf dairy products tested, butter had the highest C17:0 (423mg/100g); nonfat dairy products had no detectable C17:0. We hypothesize that humans' movement away from diets with potentially beneficial saturated fatty acid C17:0, including whole fat dairy products, could be a contributor to widespread low C17:0 levels, higher ferritin, and metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin; Dietary Fats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Ferritins; Metabolic Syndrome; Regression Analysis
PubMed: 26200116
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132117 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2017The risk of type 2 diabetes is inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The risk of type 2 diabetes is inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0)], which are considered as biomarkers for dairy fat intake in humans. However, rodent studies suggest that OCFAs are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that OCFAs are produced in humans from dietary fibers by a novel endogenous pathway. In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 16 healthy individuals were supplemented with cellulose (30 g/d), inulin (30 g/d), or propionate (6 g/d) for 7 d. In addition, human hepatoma cells were incubated with different propionate concentrations. OCFAs were determined in plasma phospholipids and hepatoma cells by gas chromatography. Cellulose did not affect plasma OCFA levels, whereas inulin and propionate increased pentadecanoic acid by ∼17% ( < 0.05) and 13% ( = 0.05), respectively. The effect on heptadecanoic acid was even more pronounced, because it was elevated in almost all participants by inulin (11%; < 0.01) and propionate (13%; < 0.001). Furthermore, cell culture experiments showed a positive association between propionate and OCFA levels ( = 0.99, < 0.0001), whereas palmitate (16:0) was negatively correlated ( = 0.83, = 0.004). Our data show that gut-derived propionate is used for the hepatic synthesis of OCFAs in humans. The association of OCFAs with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes may therefore also relate to dietary fiber intake and not only dairy fat. This trial was registered at www.germanctr.de as DRKS00010121.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Cellulose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fiber; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Inulin; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Propionates
PubMed: 28424190
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152702 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Dec 2008This study was designed to clarify differences in serum phospholipid fatty acid compositions and estimated desaturase activities between Japanese men with and without...
AIM
This study was designed to clarify differences in serum phospholipid fatty acid compositions and estimated desaturase activities between Japanese men with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS).
METHODS
From among 227 males, 40 to 59 years of age, excluding those receiving treatment for lipid disorders, 165 subjects (including 27 with MetS) were selected for this study. Serum phospholipid fatty acid compositions were determined, and desaturase activities were estimated.
RESULTS
The C15:0 and C17:0 fatty acids associated with hepatic function were lower, while the C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-3 fatty acids were higher, in subjects with than without MetS (p<0.05). The estimated desaturase activity for D5D(n-6) was lower in subjects with than without MetS (p<0.01). Body fat percentage was an independent negative predictor of C17:0, and a positive predictor of log C20:3n-6 and log C20:4n-3 (p<0.01). HDL-C was an independent negative predictor of log C15:0 and of C17:0 (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION
Decreases in minor saturated fatty acids, accumulation of C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-3 and low estimated D5D activity were confirmed to be associated with MetS.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Body Mass Index; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Humans; Japan; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Regression Analysis; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 19060426
DOI: 10.5551/jat.e564 -
Chemistry Central Journal Feb 2013Colostrum has many beneficial effects on newborns due to its main compounds (proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids, amino acids) as well as protective...
BACKGROUND
Colostrum has many beneficial effects on newborns due to its main compounds (proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids, amino acids) as well as protective antibodies that confer to the body. The buffaloes are the second important species for milk production in the world after cows. The importance of the species is also conferred by a longer longevity, high dry content of milk and a strong organic resistance when compared with cows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of buffalo colostrum compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol and physicochemical parameters during the first seven days postpartum and under the impact of the season, summer on pasture and winter on dry diet (hay based).
RESULTS
Fat from colostrum differs depending on the postpartum day showing mean values of 11.31-7.56% (summer season) and 11.22-7.51% (winter season). These values gradually decreased starting with first day postpartum until day seven. Dry substance and protein presented a similar evolution to fat reaching the lowest values at the end of the colostral period. Lactose, ash and pH showed a gradually increase reaching the maximum on day seven postpartum. The highest titres of fatty acids from colostrum are: butyric acid (C4:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and the lowest values showed up in myristoleic acid (C14:1), cis-10-pentadecanoic acid (C15:1), pentadecylic acid (C15:0) and margaric acid (C17:0) for both seasons. Higher concentrations have been recorded for the summer season in general. Cholesterol concentration decreased from 12.93 and 12.68 mg/100 mL (summer and winter season) to 9.02 and 7.88 mg/100 mL in the end of the colostral period.
CONCLUSIONS
Physicochemical compounds of buffalo colostrum were influenced by season and postpartum day of milking. Excepting lactose all other parameters gradually decreased during colostral period. Fatty acids and cholesterol showed the same evolution, presenting higher values for the summer season. Specific feeding in the summer season (on pasture) did lead in more concentrated colostrum in dry substance, fatty acids and cholesterol.
PubMed: 23442377
DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-7-40 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2017Circulating heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) is reported to be a pathology risk/prognosis biomarker and a dietary biomarker. This pathology relationship has been shown to be...
Circulating heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) is reported to be a pathology risk/prognosis biomarker and a dietary biomarker. This pathology relationship has been shown to be reliably predictive even when independent of dietary contributions, suggesting that the endogenous biosynthesis of C17:0 is related to the pathological aetiology. Little is known about C17:0 biosynthesis, which tissues contribute to the circulating levels, and how C17:0 is related to pathology. +/- mice were mated to obtain -/- and +/+ control mice. At 14 weeks, they were anesthetized for tissue collection and fatty acid analysis. Compared to +/+, C15:0 was not significantly affected in any -/- tissues. However, the -/- plasma and liver C17:0 levels were significantly lower: ~26% and ~22%, respectively. No significant differences were seen in the different adipose tissues. To conclude, plays a significant role in the liver and plasma levels of C17:0, providing evidence it can be endogenously biosynthesized via alpha-oxidation. The strong inverse association of C17:0 with pathology raises the question whether there is a direct link between α-oxidation and these diseases. Currently, there is no clear evidence, warranting further research into the role of α-oxidation in relation to metabolic diseases.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Carbon-Carbon Lyases; Enoyl-CoA Hydratase; Fatty Acids; Humans; Liver; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxisomes; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 29027957
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101718