-
World Journal of Experimental Medicine May 2017This mini-review presents the results of veterinary clinical trials on immunogene therapy published from 2014 to 2016. A variety of tumors, among them melanoma (canine... (Review)
Review
This mini-review presents the results of veterinary clinical trials on immunogene therapy published from 2014 to 2016. A variety of tumors, among them melanoma (canine and equine), mastocytoma (canine), mammary adenocarcinoma (canine) and fibrosarcoma (feline) were treated by using diverse strategies. Non-viral vectors were usually employed to transfer genes of cytokines, suicide enzymes and/or tumor associated antigens. In general terms, minor or no adverse collateral effects were related to these procedures, and treated patients frequently improved their conditions (better quality of life, delayed or suppressed recurrence or metastatic spread, increased survival). Some of these new methodologies have a promising future if applied as adjuvant treatments of standard approaches. The auspicious results, derived from immunogene therapy studies carried out in companion animals, warrant their imperative usage in veterinary clinical oncology. Besides, they provide a strong preclinical basis (safety assays and proofs of concept) for analogous human clinical trials.
PubMed: 28589078
DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i2.42 -
Archives of Craniofacial Surgery Jun 2018Mastocytosis is a rare disease which occurs in both children and adults, and it can manifest as a solitary or multiple skin lesions. Both can cause cutaneous or systemic...
Mastocytosis is a rare disease which occurs in both children and adults, and it can manifest as a solitary or multiple skin lesions. Both can cause cutaneous or systemic symptoms. Because of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation of mastocytosis and its rare prevalence, it can be hard to suspect the mastocytosis at the first time. Most solitary mastocytomas are about 1-5 cm in diameter and have features of brownish-yellow, minimally elevated plaques with a smooth shiny surface. This article presents a case of solitary mastocytoma which occurred in neonate and that we treated through surgical excision. In histopathological examination, it consisted of c-kit-positive mast cells. Although pediatric cutaneous mastocytosis might regress spontaneously, clinicians should keep in mind that it could be associated with systemic mastocytosis which involves hematopoietic system.
PubMed: 29716178
DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2018.01508 -
The Cornell Veterinarian Jan 1978This report provides a general overview of the pathobiology of neoplasia, and an update on the clinicopathological manifestations of lymphosarcoma, mastocytoma,... (Review)
Review
This report provides a general overview of the pathobiology of neoplasia, and an update on the clinicopathological manifestations of lymphosarcoma, mastocytoma, histiocytoma, melanoma, sarcoid and circumanal gland tumors in domestic animals. Neoplasia represents a continuum of events from reversible hyperplasia to irreversible and pathological changes in tissue growth patterns. In some instances the causes of this disease process have been identified, but the etiology of the majority of naturally occurring neoplasms remain unknown. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment for tumors, but is often more beneficial when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy. The successful diagnosis and management of neoplastic disease in domestic animals necessitates a thorough awareness of the clinical presentation and biologic behavior of specific tumors on the part of veterinarians who provide health care for these species.
Topics: Anal Gland Neoplasms; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Horse Diseases; Horses; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Melanoma; Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 204450
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Mar 1991The most frequent site of organ involvement in patients with any form of mastocytosis is the skin. Cutaneous expressions include urticaria pigmentosa, mastocytoma,... (Review)
Review
The most frequent site of organ involvement in patients with any form of mastocytosis is the skin. Cutaneous expressions include urticaria pigmentosa, mastocytoma, diffuse and erythrodermic cutaneous mastocytosis, and telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans. The cutaneous lesions tend to appear early in life. Although urticaria pigmentosa has been reported in 12 pairs of twins and one set of triplets, the majority of affected individuals have no familial association. Most patients with systemic mastocytosis have skin lesions; however, an occasional patient will have systemic disease with no other skin features than flushing. In lesional cutaneous sites and in non-lesional skin, there is an increase in the number of mast cells. Electron microscopy shows quantitative differences between lesional skin mast cells from patients with and without systemic disease. The mast cells from adult patients with systemic disease have a larger mean cytoplasmic area, nuclear size, and granule diameter. The granules contain predominantly grating/lattice structures. The cutaneous mast cells contain tryptase and chymase. They retain their functional reactivities to relevant secretory stimuli, such as C3a, morphine sulfate, and calcium ionophore A23187. Lesional skin contains histamine, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin D2, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, platelet-activating factor, and heparin. Treatment of the cutaneous manifestations includes the use of H1 and H2 antihistamines, oral disodium cromoglycate, psoralens plus ultraviolet A photochemotherapy, and potent topical corticosteroid preparations.
Topics: Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Humans; Mastocytoma; Mastocytosis, Cutaneous; Skin; Telangiectasis; Urticaria Pigmentosa
PubMed: 16799606
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12468973 -
Immunology Feb 1988Mast cell secretory granules contain unique tryptic and chymotryptic serine proteases that differ between species and tissues. Direct comparison of these proteases in...
Mast cell secretory granules contain unique tryptic and chymotryptic serine proteases that differ between species and tissues. Direct comparison of these proteases in single-cell types has been hindered by the difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of pure mast cells. In this study, we were able to compare tryptic and chymotryptic enzyme activity in cells of presumed monoclonal origin, using two stable lines ('BR' and 'G') of dog mastocytomas. The gel-filtration profiles, inhibitor susceptibilities and substrate preferences of tryptic and chymotryptic mastocytoma protease activities established their close resemblance to the tryptases and chymases of human and rodent mast cells. Striking heterogeneity was observed in the amounts and solubilities of the tryptic and chymotryptic activity in the two different mastocytoma cell lines. Incubation of cells from both lines with calcium ionophore A23187 caused non-cytotoxic release of protease activity. In contrast to chymase from rat connective tissue mast cells, protease activity that was insoluble after extraction at low ionic strength became soluble following ionophore-stimulated release. Neither tryptic nor chymotryptic activity was activated during degranulation, suggesting the absence of inactive precursors. Cells of the 'BR' line released both tryptic and chymotryptic activity in parallel with the granule marker histamine; cells of the 'G' line released a much smaller proportion of tryptic activity than of either chymotryptic activity or histamine. These differences in release of granule constituents from cells of common origin could be explained by developmental variations in the production of performed mediators or by differential regulation of preformed mediator release. We conclude that the differences in protease content, solubility and release in these mastocytoma lines are useful in evaluating the potential pathophysiological significance of the contribution of proteases to mast cell heterogeneity.
Topics: Animals; Calcimycin; Chymases; Chymotrypsin; Cytoplasmic Granules; Dogs; Mast Cells; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Peptide Hydrolases; Serine Endopeptidases; Substrate Specificity; Trypsin; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 3127330
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Mar 2019In humans, advanced mast cell (MC) neoplasms are rare malignancies with a poor prognosis. Only a few preclinical models are available, and current treatment options are... (Review)
Review
In humans, advanced mast cell (MC) neoplasms are rare malignancies with a poor prognosis. Only a few preclinical models are available, and current treatment options are limited. In dogs, MC neoplasms are the most frequent malignant skin tumours. Unlike low-grade MC neoplasms, high-grade MC disorders usually have a poor prognosis with short survival. In both species, neoplastic MCs display activating KIT mutations, which are considered to contribute to disease evolution. Therefore, tyrosine kinase inhibitors against KIT have been developed. Unfortunately, clinical responses are unpredictable and often transient, which remains a clinical challenge in both species. Therefore, current efforts focus on the development of new improved treatment strategies. The field of comparative oncology may assist in these efforts and accelerate human and canine research regarding diagnosis, prognostication, and novel therapies. In this article, we review the current status of comparative oncology approaches and perspectives in the field of MC neoplasms.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Mastocytoma; Species Specificity
PubMed: 30136349
DOI: 10.1111/vco.12440 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2014
Topics: Flushing; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis, Cutaneous
PubMed: 25382519
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.144189 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas 2016Mastocytosis is a term used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by clonal proliferation of mast cells in various organs. The organ most often... (Review)
Review
Mastocytosis is a term used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by clonal proliferation of mast cells in various organs. The organ most often affected is the skin. Mastocytosis is a relatively rare disorder that affects both sexes equally. It can occur at any age, although it tends to appear in the first decade of life, or later, between the second and fifth decades. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of mastocytosis has improved greatly in recent years, with the discovery that somatic c-kit mutations and aberrant immunophenotypic features have an important role. The clinical manifestations of mastocytosis are diverse, and skin lesions are the key to diagnosis in most patients.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Skin
PubMed: 26546030
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2015.09.007 -
Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and... Dec 2013Mastocytosis has a bimodal distribution often presenting in children from birth to 2 years of age and in those over the age of 15. Pediatric mastocytosis is due to the... (Review)
Review
Mastocytosis has a bimodal distribution often presenting in children from birth to 2 years of age and in those over the age of 15. Pediatric mastocytosis is due to the effects of mast-cell degranulation enzymes such as histamine and tryptase causing the presentation of pruritis, flushing, vesicles, abdominal and bone pain, or headache. Three different forms of mastocytosis can occur: urticaria pigmentosa, diffuse cutaneous, and solitary mastocytoma. Systemic symptoms are typically a result of mast-cell mediator release but do not prove systemic mast-cell hyperplasia. In this review, we present several research studies related to pediatric mast-cell disorders, and discuss several cases of pediatric mastocytosis, acute myeloid leukemia, pathophysiology, genetic studies, and treatment.
PubMed: 24380017
DOI: 10.1089/ped.2013.0275 -
Dermatology Reports Jan 2011Systemic mastocytosis is a rare disease involving the infiltration and accumulation of active mast cells within any organ system. By far, the most common organ affected... (Review)
Review
Systemic mastocytosis is a rare disease involving the infiltration and accumulation of active mast cells within any organ system. By far, the most common organ affected is the skin. Cutaneous manifestations of mastocytosis, including Urticaria Pigmentosa (UP), cutaneous mastocytoma or telangiectasia macularis eruptive perstans (TMEP), may indicate a more serious and potentially life-threatening underlying disease. The presence of either UP or TMEP in a patient with anaphylactic symptoms should suggest the likelihood of systemic mastocytosis, with the caveat that systemic complications are more likely to occur in patients with UP. TMEP can usually be identified by the typical morphology, but a skin biopsy is confirmative. In patients with elevated tryptase levels or those with frequent systemic manifestations, a bone marrow biopsy is essential in order to demonstrate mast cell infiltration. Further genetic testing for mutations of c-kit gene or the FIP1L1 gene may help with disease classification and/or therapeutic approaches. Rarely, TMEP has been described with malignancy, radiation therapy, and myeloproliferative disorders. A few familial cases have also been described. In this review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of patients with TMEP. We also discuss the possible molecular pathogenesis and the role of genetics in disease classification and treatment.
PubMed: 25386256
DOI: 10.4081/dr.2011.e12