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Anatomy & Cell Biology Mar 2021Inadequate diameters of the autograft tendons are known to be a major cause of graft failure in ligament reconstruction. The purpose of the study was to measure the...
Assessment of thickness of autograft tendons around the knee and its correlation with anthropometric data, thickness of patella and anterior cruciate ligament tibial foot print diameter.
Inadequate diameters of the autograft tendons are known to be a major cause of graft failure in ligament reconstruction. The purpose of the study was to measure the in-vivo thickness of the available autograft options around the knee and to seek a correlation between the thickness of the tendons and the anthropometric data, patellar thickness and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint sagittal diameter. Magnetic resonance imaging of 104 consecutive patients with suspected knee injuries were utilized for measurement of the thickness of pes anserinus tendon (diameter and cross-sectional area [CSA]), patellar tendon (PT) and quadriceps tendon (QT). Pearson's coefficient was used to find out the relationship between the tendon thickness and anthropometric data, thickness of patella and ACL tibial foot print sagittal diameter. The mean diameters and CSA of the semitendinosus tendon (ST) and gracilis tendon (GT) were 3.77±0.49 mm, 11.62±1.62 mm and 2.87±0.27 mm, 6.64±1.18 mm respectively. QT and PT thicknesses were 7.36±0.87 mm and 4.50±0.62 mm respectively. Height and the patellar thickness were seen to have moderate correlation with ST and PT thickness. Weak correlation was seen between the other anthropometric variables and tendon thickness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of tendon sizes is a reliable method with good inter and intra-rater agreement. Assessment of these anatomical structures with help of MRI would be helpful in preoperative planning and can help in identifying those patients at risk of having smaller tendons.
PubMed: 33504683
DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.176 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2022To investigate the accuracy of liver diameters for estimation of liver size and to evaluate their application as tool for assessment of parenchymal liver disease. In the...
To investigate the accuracy of liver diameters for estimation of liver size and to evaluate their application as tool for assessment of parenchymal liver disease. In the course of a population-based study, (SHIP) one thousand nine hundred thirty-nine volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver including 3D gradient echo MRI sequences. Maximum liver diameters were measured in cranio-caudal (CC), anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) orientation. Diameters were compared with true liver volume assessed by liver segmentation. Additionally, age-dependent reference values for diameters were defined. Finally, accuracy of liver diameters was assessed to discriminate volunteers with healthy livers and participants with parenchymal changes, measured by MRI and laboratory. Reference values of liver diameters within the healthy population (n = 886) were defined as follows (mean ± standard deviation, confidence interval CI in cm): CC 17.2 ± 2, CI 13.6/21.2; AP 15.8 ± 1.9, CI 12.6/19.8; ML 19.7 ± 2.3, CI 15.8/24.6. There was a poor correlation using linear regression between liver diameter and true liver volume; CC 0.393, AP 0.359; ML 0.137. The AP direction shows the best correlation to discriminate between healthy and pathologic liver changes; AUC 0.78; p < 0.001, CC AUC 0.53; p < 0.001 and ML AUC 0.52; p = 0.008. Measurement of liver diameter, especially in the anterior-posterior direction is a simple option to detect chronic liver disease but less suitable for prediction of liver volume.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Size; Reference Values; Young Adult
PubMed: 35075169
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04825-8 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Mar 2023The aim of this study was to measure the tracheal dimensions of normocephalic cats using CT.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to measure the tracheal dimensions of normocephalic cats using CT.
METHODS
CT images of 15 client-owned normocephalic cats were retrospectively evaluated to measure the length of the feline trachea. Transverse and vertical inner diameters were measured in five different tracheal regions, and the cross-sectional area of the tracheal lumen was calculated for each point of measurement. Descriptive statistics were applied using a two-tailed test.
RESULTS
The mean ± SD length of the trachea was 125.13 ± 14.41 mm. Male cats had significantly larger tracheas than female cats. The transverse diameter first increased by 0.94 mm between the most cranial point of measurement and the middle of the trachea. It then decreased by 1.38 mm between the middle of the trachea and the most caudal point of measurement. The vertical diameter decreased by 1.16 mm between the first point of measurement and the penultimate point, and then increased by 0.06 mm between the penultimate point of measurement and the end of the trachea. The two different diameters resulted in an elliptical trachea shape.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The feline trachea was circular only at its cranial and caudal ends, and elliptical with a dorsoventral flattening along the rest of its length. Vertical and transverse diameters varied along the entire length. Tracheal shape differences should be considered when performing permanent tracheostomy, tracheal anastomosis or stenting in cats.
Topics: Cats; Male; Animals; Female; Trachea; Retrospective Studies; Repressor Proteins; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Craniosynostoses; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 36920794
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231158578 -
Balkan Medical Journal Sep 2017After resection, specimens are subjected to formalin fixation during histological processing. This procedure can result in tissue shrinkage, with the amount of shrinkage...
BACKGROUND
After resection, specimens are subjected to formalin fixation during histological processing. This procedure can result in tissue shrinkage, with the amount of shrinkage related to tissue composition and tissue type.
AIMS
To evaluate the shrinkage of nasal mucosa and cartilage tissue and compare differences in shrinkage after resection, after formalin fixation, and during microscopic examination to understand differences in the rate of shrinkage of different tissue types.
STUDY DESIGN
Animal experimentation.
METHODS
Fresh nasal septa were excised from sheep (10 mm diameter in 40 sheep and 20 mm diameter in 40 sheep). The mucosa was separated from one side of the cartilage, with the contralateral mucosa remaining attached to the cartilage. Specimen diameters were measured in situ, after resection, after fixation for 6 or 24 hours (10% formalin), and during microscopic examination.
RESULTS
There were no differences between the in situ and after resection diameters of any tissue components (free mucosa, mucosa attached to cartilage, and cartilage) of all nasal specimens (10- or 20-mm diameter and 6- or 24-hour fixation). However, significant shrinkage occurred between resection and after-fixation. Regarding tissue specimens that were fixed for different durations (6 or 24 hours), we observed a significantly smaller mean tissue diameter in specimens fixed for 24 hours versus those fixed for 6 hours for mucosa attached to cartilage (in the 10-mm diameter after-fixation samples), free mucosa (in the 20-mm diameter after-fixation samples), mucosa attached to cartilage (in the 20-mm diameter after-fixation and microscopic measurement samples), and cartilage (in the 20-mm diameter after-fixation samples). Tissue shrinkage was greatest in free mucosal tissue and least in cartilage.
CONCLUSION
These results should be considered when evaluating patients undergoing surgical procedures for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancies. Surgical margins should be measured before fixation or evaluated if possible before fixation and shrinkage.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Disease Models, Animal; Formaldehyde; Nasal Mucosa; Sheep; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 28552840
DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2015.1470 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2021To evaluate changes in verumontanum anatomy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who used 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and to propose an...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
To evaluate changes in verumontanum anatomy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who used 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) and to propose an anatomical classification of the verumontanum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We studied 86 patients with BPH and 7 patients without the disease (age under 40 years-old who underwent kidney or ureteral lithotripsy). Of the patients with BPH, 34 (mean age=67.26) had 5-ARIs use and 52 (mean age=62.69) did not use the drug. During surgeries, photographs of the seminal colliculus were taken and later, with the aid of software (Image J), the length (longitudinal diameter) and width (transverse diameter) of the verumontanum were measured in all patients. During the procedure, we evaluated the different types of verumontanum. For statistical analysis, the R-Project software was used.
RESULTS
In the group of patients with BPH who were taking medication (group 1), the mean measures of length and width of the verumontanum were 4.69mm and 2.94mm respectively. In the group of patients with BPH who did not use the drug (group 2), the mean diameters were 4.54mm and 3.20mm respectively. In the control group (group 3), the average length and width were 5.63mm and 4.11mm respectively. There was an increase in longitudinal and transverse measurements of the control group with an increase in body mass index (BMI) (p=0.0001 and p=0.035 respectively). In addition, there was a reduction in transverse diameter in the group of BPH using 5-ARI with increased prostate volume (p=0.010). We found five different verumontanum types: "volcano" (51.61%), "lighthouse" (24.73%), "whale tail" (12.90%), "hood" (5.38%) and "castle door" (5.38%), which we propose as an anatomical classification.
CONCLUSION
Veromontanum has smaller measurements in patients with BPH regardless of treatment. In the control group, there was an increase in verumontanum diameters with an increase in BMI. The volcano type of verumontanum was the most frequent regardless of groups and BMI.
Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Urethra
PubMed: 33146982
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.0055 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022(1) Background: Contrary to a tenet of the funnel-shaped pediatric larynx with the cricoid level being narrowest, recent studies show the glottis and subglottis as the...
(1) Background: Contrary to a tenet of the funnel-shaped pediatric larynx with the cricoid level being narrowest, recent studies show the glottis and subglottis as the narrowest levels. To locate the functionally narrowest level of the larynx, we reported normal laryngeal dimensions and their croup-related changes in young children. (2) Methods: We reviewed normal plain neck radiographs recorded for the evaluation of minor trauma or foreign bodies in 504 children aged ≤4 years who visited the emergency department from 2016 through 2021. Using computed tomography-based localization of the glottis, we radiographically defined the subglottis and cricoid. At these levels, we measured diameters and calculated cross-sectional areas (CSAs) on the radiographs. The values were compared to the equivalent values of a 1:1 age-matched population with croup. (3) Results: In the study population (n = 401), the narrowest diameter and CSA were observed in the glottis. In detail, the mean anteroposterior/transverse diameters were 9.8/3.4 mm at the glottis, 8.5/5.6 mm at the subglottis, and 7.4/6.8 mm at the cricoid (p < 0.001), respectively. In the same order, the mean CSAs were 26.5, 38.1, and 40.5 mm2 (p < 0.001). All dimensions were narrower in the croup population (p < 0.001). We found croup-related narrowing, namely reductions in the transverse diameter and CSA that were more severe closer to the glottis (p < 0.001), without differences per level in the anteroposterior diameter. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the glottis as the narrowest level of the larynx in young children. In addition, level-based differences in croup-related narrowing suggest some point between the glottis and subglottis as the functionally narrowest level.
PubMed: 36291468
DOI: 10.3390/children9101532 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2022To compare prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) levels in the aqueous and pupil diameter in patients undergoing low-pulse energy femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (LCS)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To compare prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) levels in the aqueous and pupil diameter in patients undergoing low-pulse energy femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (LCS) without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) pretreatment with either fragmentation or capsulotomy performed first.
DESIGN
Prospective, randomized, fellow-eye controlled comparison.
METHODS
This study was undertaken at the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna. The population consisted of 140 eyes of 70 patients with bilateral age-related cataract. Bilateral same-day LCS with either anterior capsulotomy before lens fragmentation (Caps-First) in one eye or vice versa (Frag-First) in a random sequence were performed. Aqueous was tapped 5 minutes after LCS and PGE-2 concentration was analyzed. Pupil diameters were recorded immediately before and after femtosecond laser pretreatment. The main outcome measure was PGE-2 concentrations in picograms/milliliter and pupil diameter in millimeters.
RESULTS
Mean PGE-2 concentrations were 42.0 ± 63.7 pg/mL in the Caps-First group versus 71.8 ± 160.7 pg/mL with the Frag-First group (P = .186). Mean pupil diameters before and after pretreatment were 7.6 ± 0.8 mm and 7.6 ± 0.8 mm, respectively (P = .871). Mean PGE-2 concentrations and pupil diameters did not show any significant difference between time points or groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Low-energy femtosecond laser pretreatment did not increase PGE-2 levels in the absence of NSAID pretreatment. This was independent of whether capsulotomy or fragmentation was performed first. Moreover, no pupillary miosis was observed.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Laser Therapy; Lasers; Phacoemulsification; Premedication; Prospective Studies; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E
PubMed: 35033540
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.01.002 -
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Mar 2022Optic nerve sheath diameters (ONSD) have been validated as an accurate screening tool to detect elevated intracranial pressure in hypertensive encephalopathy. The...
BACKGROUND
Optic nerve sheath diameters (ONSD) have been validated as an accurate screening tool to detect elevated intracranial pressure in hypertensive encephalopathy. The neurologic manifestations of preeclampsia and/or eclampsia mimic those of hypertensive encephalopathy. This study was performed to assess the incidence of elevated optic nerve sheath diameters of patients with severe preeclampsia and neurologic criteria compared to non-preeclamptic patients. The secondary objective was to determine baseline optic nerve sheath diameters in patients with severe preeclampsia without neurologic criteria and preeclampsia without severe features.
METHODS
Single site cohort study including 62 pregnant women 18 years or older and 20 weeks or further gestation. Patients with preeclampsia without severe features, preeclampsia with severe features by non-neurologic criteria, preeclampsia with severe features with neurologic criteria, and patients without preeclampsia were enrolled via convenience sampling. One blinded reviewer measured sheath diameters; baseline demographics and pregnancy data were collected by chart review. Statistical analysis was completed with STATA/IC 16. Categorical variables were compared by the χtest. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and discrete variables were presented as medians and compared by Kruskal-Wallis testing. Normality was confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk testing. Linear and logistic regression were used to test the association between the preeclampsia groups and optic nerve sheath diameters. Models were presented as unadjusted and adjusted for BMI, gestation, hypertension, diabetes, parity, and gravidity.
RESULTS
The incidence of optic nerve sheath diameters > 5.8 mm was 43.8% in the severe preeclampsia with neurologic features cohort, and 42.1% in the control cohort, with a relative risk of 1.04. Patients with severe preeclampsia without neurologic features had sheath diameters of 5.75 mm ± 1.09 mm; non-severe preeclampsia patients had sheath diameters of 5.54 mm ± 1.26 mm.
CONCLUSIONS
We did not find a significant elevated optic nerve sheath diameter relative risk between severe preeclampsia patients with neurologic features and non-preeclampsia control patients. This is the first study to assess a North American population utilizing ACOG criteria for severe and non-severe preeclampsia, with severe cohorts additionally stratified by neurologic criteria.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Optic Nerve; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Regression Analysis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35305582
DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04548-8 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2013To validate and evaluate the reliability of retinal vessel diameter measurements by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The effects of age and hypertension on vessel...
PURPOSE
To validate and evaluate the reliability of retinal vessel diameter measurements by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The effects of age and hypertension on vessel diameter were also examined.
DESIGN
Prospective, cross-sectional study.
METHODS
Two hundred thirty-eight eyes (238 subjects) with no ocular disease were included. Hypertension was present in 106 subjects and absent in 132 subjects. Spectralis HRA+OCT was used to scan a circular region around the optic disc. Outer and inner diameters of the 4 largest retinal arteries and veins were measured using OCT vascular wall reflections, and vessel wall thickness was calculated.
RESULTS
Intervisit, interexaminer, and interevaluator intraclass correlation coefficients of randomly selected vessel measurements were all greater than 0.90. Mean inner arterial and venous diameters were 87.8 ± 9.4 μm and 113.7 ± 12.5 μm, respectively. The OCT-measured mean inner arterial and venous diameters were significantly correlated to fundus photography caliber measurements (P = .005 and P = .001, respectively). Arterial and venous wall thicknesses were 17.4 ± 2.4 μm and 13.7 ± 2.1 μm, respectively, both of which were highly correlated with subject age (arterial: r = 0.612, P < .001, venous: r = 0.455, P < .001). Additionally, both mean arterial and venous wall thicknesses were significantly greater in subjects with hypertension than in age-matched subjects without hypertension (P = .020 and P = .015, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Retinal vessel diameter measurements obtained with OCT were highly reproducible and vessel wall thicknesses, calculated using outer and inner diameter measurements, were significantly thickened by both aging and systemic hypertension.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Blood Flow Velocity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Disk; Photography; Prospective Studies; Regional Blood Flow; Reproducibility of Results; Retinal Artery; Retinal Vein; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Young Adult
PubMed: 23876868
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.021 -
Endoscopy International Open Apr 2016Permeation of a vein or lymphatic vessel by a tumor is a key risk factor for lymph node metastasis. We examined the features of colorectal tumor vessel permeation using...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Permeation of a vein or lymphatic vessel by a tumor is a key risk factor for lymph node metastasis. We examined the features of colorectal tumor vessel permeation using endocytoscopy, an ultra-high magnifying endoscopic system combined with a narrow-band imaging capability (EC-NBI).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We examined 188 colorectal lesions using EC-NBI before treatment was started. We measured the diameters of tumor vessels on EC-NBI images. We used the tumor vessel diameter (the mean diameter of four tumor-associated vessels) and the variation in tumor vessel caliber (the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of the vessels expressed as a proportion) to judge changes in vessel formation. We examined the relationship between these variables and the extent of venous or lymphatic vessel permeation (vessel invasion) established by immunohistochemical examination of the resected specimen using monoclonal antibodies against the CD34 and D2 - 40 antigens. We also analyzed the relationships between tumor vessel diameter, tumor vessel caliber variation, and depth of tumor invasion.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in tumor vessel diameter and caliber variation between tumors in situ and T1 - T3 carcinomas. In T1 carcinomas, larger tumor vessel diameter and greater tumor vessel caliber variation were significantly associated with venous permeation. In T2 and T3 carcinomas, greater tumor vessel caliber variation was significantly associated with venous permeation.
CONCLUSIONS
The vessel diameter and caliber variation of colorectal tumor microvasculature are associated with depth of invasion and venous permeation, especially in T1 carcinomas.
PubMed: 27547815
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-101753