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Danish Medical Journal Apr 2014Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an imbalance of the vaginal bacterial microbiota and its aetiology is still unknown. Our aims were to investigate the diagnostic potential of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an imbalance of the vaginal bacterial microbiota and its aetiology is still unknown. Our aims were to investigate the diagnostic potential of species/genus specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) for bacteria present in swabs and first-void urine (FVU) samples using Nugent's and Claeys' criteria and 454 sequencing of the vaginal microbiome as reference.
METHODS
Self-collected swabs, vaginal smears and FVU were obtained from 177 women from Greenland (Study I and III) and physician-collected vaginal swabs and smears were obtained from 163 Swedish women (Study II). BV was diagnosed by Nugent's criteria in Study I and III and by Amsel's criteria in Study II. The vaginal swabs and FVU samples were analysed by qPCR for selected vaginal bacteria in all three studies and for four sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Study I.
RESULTS
Study I: STIs were common in women from Greenland and BV was found in 45% of these women but was not associated with individual STIs. In multivariate logistic analysis, Atopobium vaginae and Prevotella spp. were both independently associated with BV in swabs. BV could be subdivided into clusters dominated by a single or a few species together. Seven vaginal bacteria (A. vaginae, Prevotella spp. Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacterial vaginosis associated bacterium (BVAB) 2, Eggerthella-like bacterium, Leptotrichia amnionii and Megasphaera type 1) had areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve > 85% in swabs, suggesting that they were good predictors of BV according to Nugent. Study II: For the majority of species/genera, the kappa values indicated fair to good agreement when their presence was determined by 454 pyrosequencing versus real-time PCR. The same seven vaginal bacteria as found in Study I, had areas under the ROC-curve > 85% in swabs from Swedish women, demonstrating a good diagnostic accuracy for BV according to Amsel. Study III: In a multivariate model, Megasphaera type 1 and Prevotella spp. remained significantly associated with BV in FVU samples. A linear regression analysis showed good agreement between bacterial load from swabs and FVU, but Prevotella spp. could be detected in high numbers in a few FVU samples without being present in swabs. After applying ROC curve analysis, the same seven vaginal bacteria as previously mentioned showed good prediction for BV according to Nugent in FVU. BV could be detected with comparable sensitivity in FVU and vaginal swabs.
CONCLUSION
BV can be diagnosed by molecular methods performed either on swabs or urine but it is important to apply thresholds in order to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. Furthers it was possible to identify clusters of BV dominated by single or paired bacteria, and these clusters could classify BV into subgroups, providing a more detailed understanding of the condition. Seven vaginal bacteria were highly accurate for BV diagnosis both in swabs and FVU. Finally a good agreement between Nugent and Claeys was found.
Topics: Biofilms; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lactobacillus; Risk Factors; Vagina; Vaginal Smears; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 24814599
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine Jul 2022Psoriatic arthritis (PSA) is a form of immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis that predominantly begins with enthesitis. Studying the gut microbiota of PSA patients may...
BACKGROUND
Psoriatic arthritis (PSA) is a form of immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis that predominantly begins with enthesitis. Studying the gut microbiota of PSA patients may offer new insights into the pathogenesis of enthesitis, compared to other arthritis. We designed a prospective study to examine gut microbiome of patients with PSA, primarily with enthesitis and dactylitis, and compared the data with other undifferentiated types of arthritis (NO PSA) patients, without enthesitis or dactylitis.
METHODS
We enrolled 9 PSA patients and 10 NO PSA patients in this study. We excluded rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and gouty arthritis patients. The fecal samples were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, followed by bioinformatics and statistical analyses.
RESULTS
None of the available objective clinical laboratory data could differentiate PSA group from the NO PSA subgroup. The microbiota result shows that Family: XIII_AD3011 is significantly higher in NO PSA patients' than in PSA patients' stool samples (P = .039). Megasphaera elsdenii in the PSA group was 10,000 times higher than in the NO PSA group.Our results demonstrated high intragroup homogeneous and high intergroup heterogeneous microbiota. The clinical symptoms of either enthesitis or dactylitis are associated with higher presence of specific microbiota in the current study. The PSA and other undifferentiated arthritis could be differentiated with microbiota analysis. In the future, a larger cohort and thorough biochemical study are needed for confirmation.The microbiota is different between PSA and NO PSA patients, and the species could be used as a differential diagnostic tool between these 2 diseases. The clinically available serum markers may not be enough to reflect the details of patients with different patterns of arthritis. Megasphaera elsdenii species could be a link between gut flora and enthesitis and/or dactylitis clinically in PSA. We confirm the fact that the Bifidobacterium longum correlates negatively with eosinophils.
Topics: Arthritis, Psoriatic; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35839060
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029870 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019has a positive effect on the host intestinal microbiota. In piglets, dietary supplementation with affects general health and plays an important role in nutrient...
has a positive effect on the host intestinal microbiota. In piglets, dietary supplementation with affects general health and plays an important role in nutrient digestion and fermentation. However, this association requires further investigation. Here, we studied newborn piglets from 12 litters. The nursed piglets were given a creep feed beginning on day 10 and weaned at day 30. Piglets were fed either a control basic diet or a diet including supplementation with ZLR003 at 6.0 × 10 CFU/g feed. At day 30 and 60, feces samples were taken and used for sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. At day 60, feces samples and serum samples were also taken and used to measure the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and to detect long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and free amino acids (FAAs), respectively. The results revealed that ZLR003 could improve piglet fecal microbiota composition, especially at the end of weaned period. The concentrations of lactic acid and butyric acid in feces were higher, and acetic acid concentration was lower in the ZLR003 group compared with the control group ( < 0.05). The serum polyunsaturated fatty acids C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, C20:4n6, and C22:6n3 were significantly higher ( < 0.05), as were the serum FAAs Gly, Ala, Val, Iso, Asn, Asp, Glu, Met, Phe, and Leu ( < 0.05), in the group compared with the control group. A correlation analysis revealed that the genera _UCG-010 and _UCG-014 had a negative correlation with the SCFAs content in feces, the genus _9 had a higher positive correlation with C18:2n6c, and the genera and had a more positive significant effect on the serum FAAs content in weaned piglets in the ZLR003 group compared with the control group. In conclusion, ZLR003 influenced the fecal microbiota composition of piglets, and its effects were related to the metabolism of SCFAs, LCFAs, and FAAs. Our findings will help facilitate the application of strains in pig production.
PubMed: 31040835
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00785 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) is a member of the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass, a protein involved in immunity to pathogens and the body's resistance system....
INTRODUCTION
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) is a member of the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass, a protein involved in immunity to pathogens and the body's resistance system. IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD) are intractable diseases in which IgG4 levels in the blood are elevated, causing inflammation in organs such as the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands. IgG4-RD are known to be more prevalent in males than in females, but the etiology remains to be elucidated. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and serum IgG4 levels in the general population.
METHODS
In this study, the relationship between IgG4 levels and GM evaluated in male and female groups of the general population using causal inference. The study included 191 men and 207 women aged 40 years or older from Shika-machi, Ishikawa. GM DNA was analyzed for the 16S rRNA gene sequence using next-generation sequencing. Participants were bifurcated into high and low IgG4 groups, depending on median serum IgG4 levels.
RESULTS
ANCOVA, Tukey's HSD, linear discriminant analysis effect size, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression model, and correlation analysis revealed that , , , and group were associated with IgG4 levels in women, while , group, , 1, and were associated with IgG4 levels in men. Linear non-Gaussian acyclic model indicated three genera, , group, and , and showed a presumed causal association with IgG4 levels in women.
DISCUSSION
This differential impact of the GM on IgG4 levels based on sex is a novel and intriguing finding.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salivary Glands; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 37908763
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1272398 -
Scientific Reports May 2022This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii as direct fed microbials (DFM) in beef cattle finishing diets to alleviate...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii as direct fed microbials (DFM) in beef cattle finishing diets to alleviate acute ruminal lactic acidosis in vitro. A dual-flow continuous culture system was used. Treatments were a Control, no DFM; YM1, S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 1; YM2, S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 2; and YMM, S. cerevisiae and half of the doses of M. elsdenii strain 1 and strain 2. Each DFM dose had a concentration of 1 × 10 CFU/mL. Four experimental periods lasted 11 days each. For the non-acidotic days (day 1-8), diet contained 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio. For the challenge days (day 9-11), diet contained 10:90 forage to concentrate ratio. Acute ruminal acidosis was successfully established. No differences in pH, D-, L-, or total lactate were observed among treatments. Propionic acid increased in treatments containing DFM. For N metabolism, the YMM treatment decreased protein degradation and microbial protein synthesis. No treatment effects were observed on NH-N concentration; however, efficiency of N utilization by ruminal bacteria was greater than 80% during the challenge period and NH-N concentration was reduced to approximately 2 mg/dL as the challenge progressed.
Topics: Acidosis; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Megasphaera elsdenii; Rumen; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 35562415
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11959-2 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2021Laminitis is a common and serve disease which caused by inflammation and pathological changes of the laminar junction. However, the pathologic mechanism remains unclear....
BACKGROUND
Laminitis is a common and serve disease which caused by inflammation and pathological changes of the laminar junction. However, the pathologic mechanism remains unclear. In this study we aimed to investigate changes of the gut microbiota and metabolomics in oligofructose-induced laminitis of horses.
RESULTS
Animals submitted to treatment with oligofructose had lower fecal pH but higher lactic acid, histamine, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum. Meanwhile, oligofructose altered composition of the hindgut bacterial community, demonstrated by increasing relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Megasphaera. In addition, the metabolome analysis revealed that treatment with oligofructose decreased 84 metabolites while 53 metabolites increased, such as dihydrothymine, N3,N4-Dimethyl-L-arginine, 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid, and asparagine. Pathway analysis revealed that aldosterone synthesis and secretion, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, steroid hormone biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and galactose metabolism were significantly different between healthy and laminitis horses. Furthermore, correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites indicated that Lactobacillus and/or Megasphaera were positively associated with the dihydrothymine, N3,N4-Dimethyl-L-arginine, 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid, and asparagine.
CONCLUSIONS
These results revealed that disturbance of gut microbiota and changes of metabolites were occurred during the development of equine laminitis, and these results may provide novel insights to detect biomarkers for a better understanding of the potential mechanism and prevention strategies for laminitis in horses.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Female; Foot Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Histamine; Hoof and Claw; Horse Diseases; Horses; Inflammation; Lactic Acid; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Metabolome; Oligosaccharides; Ultrasonography, Doppler
PubMed: 33407409
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02686-9 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Feb 2022It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated...
OBJECTIVES
It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.
METHODS
The study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
RESULTS
The richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.
CONCLUSIONS
The saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cigarette Smoking; Humans; Microbiota; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tongue
PubMed: 34505401
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.489 -
Characteristics of the Gut Bacterial Composition in People of Different Nationalities and Religions.Microorganisms Sep 2022High-throughput sequencing has made it possible to extensively study the human gut microbiota. The links between the human gut microbiome and ethnicity, religion, and... (Review)
Review
High-throughput sequencing has made it possible to extensively study the human gut microbiota. The links between the human gut microbiome and ethnicity, religion, and race remain rather poorly understood. In this review, data on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and the nationality of people and their religion were generalized. The unique gut microbiome of a healthy European (including Slavic nationality) is characterized by the dominance of the phyla , , , , , and . Among the African population, the typical members of the microbiota are and . The gut microbiome of Asians is very diverse and rich in members of the genera , , , , , , , and . Among Buddhists and Muslims, the enterotype is characteristic of the gut microbiome, while other representatives of religions, including Christians, have the enterotype. Most likely, the gut microbiota of people of different nationalities and religions are influenced by food preferences. The review also considers the influences of pathologies such as obesity, Crohn's disease, cancer, diabetes, etc., on the bacterial composition of the guts of people of different nationalities.
PubMed: 36144468
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091866 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Recent studies have revealed that LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) is the most universal cell-to-cell communication in rumen bacteria; however, it remains unknown how they...
Recent studies have revealed that LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) is the most universal cell-to-cell communication in rumen bacteria; however, it remains unknown how they respond to nutritional stress from a diet shift. This study aimed to explore whether a diet shift could trigger rumen bacterial LuxS/AI-2 QS and its influences on rumen fermentation characteristics and bacterial community diversity and composition. A total of fifteen Hu sheep were selected to undergo a pre-shift diet (Pre, concentrate to forage ratio 75:25) for one month and then abruptly switch to a post-shift diet (Post, concentrate to forage ratio 49:51). Results showed that the serum cortisol and immunoglobulin G concentrations were higher in Post than in Pre (p < 0.05). The microbial density, AI-2 concentration, biofilm formation, and the gene expression of ftsH were higher in Post when compared with Pre (p < 0.05), whilst the gene expression of luxS tended to be lower in Post (p = 0.054). The molar concentration of valerate and fermentation efficiency decreased after the diet shift, while the acetate to propionate ratio and the molar proportion of butyrate were higher in Post compared to Pre (p < 0.05). Moreover, the diet shift increased the richness of ruminal bacteria and the relative abundances of Roseburia, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Lachnospira, and decreased the relative abundances of Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Dialister (p < 0.05). A difference in trends was also observed in an analysis of similarity (R = 0.1208 and p = 0.064). This study suggests that a diet shift could trigger rumen bacterial LuxS/AI-2 QS by altering microbial density, AI-2 concentration, biofilm formation, and related gene expression, as well as affect the rumen fermentation pattern and bacterial community diversity and composition. This study may provide insight into a potential strategy for relieving nutritional stress via regulating bacterial communication.
PubMed: 36004904
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080379 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019is an ecologically important rumen bacterium that metabolizes lactate and relieves rumen acidosis (RA) induced by a high-grain-diet. Understanding the regulatory...
is an ecologically important rumen bacterium that metabolizes lactate and relieves rumen acidosis (RA) induced by a high-grain-diet. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the lactate metabolism of this species in RA conditions might contribute to developing dietary strategies to alleviate RA. was co-cultured with four lactate producers (, , , and ) and a series of substrate starch doses (1, 3, and 9 g/L) were used to induce one normal and two RA models (subacute rumen acidosis, SARA and acute rumen acidosis, ARA) under batch conditions. The associations between bacterial competition and the shift of organic acids' (OA) accumulation patterns in both statics and dynamics manners were investigated in RA models. Furthermore, we examined the effects of substrate lactate concentration and pH on lactate degradation pattern and genes related to the lactate utilizing pathways in the continuous culture. The positive growth of and caused OA accumulation in the SARA model to shift from lactate to butyrate and resulted in pH recovery. Furthermore, both the quantities of substrate lactate and pH had remarkable effects on lactate utilization due to the transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes, and the lactate utilization in was more sensitive to pH changes than to the substrate lactate level. In addition, compared with associations based on statics data, associations discovered from dynamics data showed greater significance and gave additional explanations regarding the relationships between bacterial competition and OA accumulation.
PubMed: 30792704
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00162