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American Journal of Veterinary Research Feb 2011To assess efficacy and tolerability of robenacoxib for control of pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evaluation of subcutaneous and oral administration of robenacoxib and meloxicam for the treatment of acute pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To assess efficacy and tolerability of robenacoxib for control of pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
ANIMALS
140 client-owned dogs.
PROCEDURES
A multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded field trial was conducted to compare robenacoxib (97 dogs) and meloxicam (43 dogs). After randomization, each dog received an initial dose (robenacoxib, 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.2 mg/kg) via SC injection before surgery and daily doses (robenacoxib, 1 to 2 mg/kg; meloxicam, 0.1 mg/kg) administered orally for up to 15 days after surgery. Efficacy was assessed by veterinarians and owners via numeric rating scales and visual analogue scales. Safety was assessed on the basis of reported adverse events, clinical signs, results of hematologic and biochemical analyses, and buccal mucosa bleeding times.
RESULTS
Treatment groups were balanced with respect to baseline and demographic data. Both treatments provided similar adequate pain control, as assessed with a modified Glasgow pain scale as the primary end point and supported by secondary end points in evaluations conducted by veterinarians and owners. For the primary end point, the ratio of the reciprocal of the scores for robenacoxib to meloxicam was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.37). No dogs required rescue analgesia. Both treatments were associated with only minor adverse events, which were not necessarily related to the administered treatments and did not affect mucosal bleeding times.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Robenacoxib provided efficacy and tolerability similar to those of meloxicam for the management of perioperative pain and inflammation in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Animals; Diphenylamine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Inflammation; Infusions, Subcutaneous; Male; Meloxicam; Orthopedic Procedures; Pain, Postoperative; Phenylacetates; Thiazines; Thiazoles
PubMed: 21281192
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.2.184 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Oct 2022Cats with non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) were identified from seven referral hospitals between 2009 and 2020 for a multicentre retrospective case...
CASE SERIES SUMMARY
Cats with non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) were identified from seven referral hospitals between 2009 and 2020 for a multicentre retrospective case series. Data were obtained from hospital records and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up. Twenty cases were identified: 12 castrated males (60%), one entire male (5%) and seven spayed females (35%). Common clinical signs included lameness (n = 20/20) and pyrexia (n = 10/18). Three cats presented with and two cats developed ligament laxity during treatment. Thirteen cats (65%) were diagnosed with non-associative IMPA and seven (35%) with associative IMPA. Comorbidities identified included chronic enteropathy (n = x/7), feline immunodeficiency virus (n = x/7) feline herpesvirus (n = x/7), bronchopneumonia (n = x/7) and discospondylitis (n = x/7). Sampling of the tarsal joints most frequently identified an increased proportion of neutrophils, consistent with IMPA. Eighteen cats (90%) received immunosuppressants. Eleven cats were started on prednisolone; eight had a poor response resulting in the addition of a second agent, euthanasia or acceptance of the persisting signs. One cat received ciclosporin and required an alternative second agent owing to adverse effects. Five cats were started on prednisolone and ciclosporin; three had a poor response and required an alternative second agent. One cat received prednisolone and chlorambucil and had a good response. Two cats (10%) received meloxicam and had a good response, although the clinical signs recurred when medication was tapered. A good outcome was achieved in 14/20 cats (70%) with IMPA. In the cats with a poor outcome 4/6 were euthanased and 2/6 had chronic lameness.
RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION
Prognosis for feline IMPA can be good. Multimodal immunosuppression was often required. IMPA should be considered in lame cats, with or without pyrexia, when there is no evidence of trauma or infection. The tarsal joints should be included in the multiple joints chosen for sampling. Ligament laxity can occur in non-erosive feline IMPA.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chlorambucil; Cyclosporine; Female; Fever; Immunosuppressive Agents; Joint Diseases; Lameness, Animal; Male; Meloxicam; Organophosphorus Compounds; Prednisolone; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35762267
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X221107783 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2012To determine the effects of meloxicam on values of hematologic and plasma biochemical analysis variables and results of histologic examination of tissue specimens of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of meloxicam on hematologic and plasma biochemical analysis variables and results of histologic examination of tissue specimens of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of meloxicam on values of hematologic and plasma biochemical analysis variables and results of histologic examination of tissue specimens of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
ANIMALS
30 adult Japanese quail.
PROCEDURES
15 quail underwent laparoscopic examination of the left kidneys, and 15 quail underwent laparoscopic examination and biopsy of the left kidneys. Quail in each of these groups received meloxicam (2.0 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h; n = 10) or a saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.05 mL, IM, q 12 h; control birds; 5) for 14 days. A CBC and plasma biochemical analyses were performed at the start of the study and within 3 hours after the last treatment. Birds were euthanized and necropsies were performed.
RESULTS
No adverse effects of treatments were observed, and no significant changes in values of hematologic variables were detected during the study. Plasma uric acid concentrations and creatine kinase or aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly different before versus after treatment for some groups of birds. Gross lesions identified during necropsy included lesions at renal biopsy sites and adjacent air sacs (attributed to the biopsy procedure) and pectoral muscle hemorrhage and discoloration (at sites of injection). Substantial histopathologic lesions were limited to pectoral muscle necrosis, and severity was greater for meloxicam-treated versus control birds.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Meloxicam (2.0 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h for 14 days) did not cause substantial alterations in function of or histopathologic findings for the kidneys of Japanese quail but did induce muscle necrosis; repeated IM administration of meloxicam to quail may be contraindicated.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Coturnix; Creatine Kinase; Kidney Diseases; Meloxicam; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Poultry Diseases; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Uric Acid
PubMed: 23106456
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1720 -
The Veterinary Record Oct 2019Surgical sterilisation to manage free-roaming dog populations is widely used in many countries. However, few studies have examined optimal postoperative pain management...
Surgical sterilisation to manage free-roaming dog populations is widely used in many countries. However, few studies have examined optimal postoperative pain management regimens at low-resource, high-throughput veterinary clinics. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of two intravenous analgesic regimens, preoperative administration of meloxicam and tramadol, or meloxicam alone, in free-roaming dogs undergoing sterilisation. A total of 125 dogs were included, with 64 dogs in the meloxicam-tramadol arm and 61 dogs in the meloxicam-only arm in a non-inferiority study design. Pain levels in sterilisation surgery patients were assessed at four time points after surgery using the Colorado State University Canine Acute Pain Scale, a Visual Analogue Scale and a modified version of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale - Short Form. Non-inferiority was supported for each of the main scoring outcomes using non-inferiority margins of 0.5, 5 and 0.8, respectively. One dog from the meloxicam-tramadol group and four dogs in the meloxicam-only arm required rescue analgesia, with no difference between groups (P=0.21).The study demonstrated that meloxicam was effective in controlling postoperative pain in a high proportion of dogs. The addition of tramadol alongside meloxicam treatment was not found to be of clinical benefit.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Castration; Dogs; Female; Male; Meloxicam; Pain, Postoperative; Perioperative Care; Prospective Studies; Tramadol
PubMed: 31320545
DOI: 10.1136/vr.105009 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Mar 2023This study compared an opioid-free injectable anaesthetic protocol with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
OBJECTIVES
This study compared an opioid-free injectable anaesthetic protocol with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
METHODS
In this prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial, 29 healthy kittens (mean ± SD weight 1.55 ± 0.46 kg; aged 10 weeks to 6 months) were included. Anaesthesia was performed with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (4 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg). In the multimodal group (MMG), cats (n = 14) received meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg SC) and intraperitoneal bupivacaine 0.25% (2 mg/kg), whereas the same volume of saline was administered in the control group (CG; n = 15). Atipamezole (0.4 mg/kg IM) was given 15 mins after ovariohysterectomy. Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional feline pain assessment scale - short form. Rescue analgesia (buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg IM in MMG/CG and meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg SC in CG) was administered if pain scores were ⩾4/12. Soft food intake (after 2 and 60 mins) was evaluated at specific time points postoperatively. Statistical analyses were performed with linear models and post-hoc pairwise comparison with Benjamini-Hochberg corrections ( <0.05).
RESULTS
The prevalence of rescue analgesia was higher in the CG (n = 15/15) than the MMG (n = 1/14; <0.001). Pain scores at 1 h, 2 h and 4 h postoperatively were higher in the CG (4.1 ± 2.8, 4.8 ± 3.0 and 5.3 ± 1.2, respectively) than in the MMG (1.6 ± 1.0, 1.1 ± 1.0 and 0.9 ± 0.8, respectively; <0.001). Food intake (%) at 1 h postoperatively was higher in the MMG after 2 and 60 mins (10.4 ± 9 and 71.9 ± 29, respectively) than in the CG (1.4 ± 2 and 13.9 ± 7, respectively; <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This opioid-free protocol using multimodal analgesia produced adequate postoperative pain relief, while almost eliminating the need for rescue analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Pain decreased food intake.
Topics: Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Single-Blind Method; Animals; Cats; Female; Anesthesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Ketamine; Dexmedetomidine; Midazolam; Meloxicam; Bupivacaine; Pain, Postoperative; Eating; Injections, Intramuscular; Pain Measurement
PubMed: 36943182
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231158582 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Nov 2018Although the pain caused by castration of calves is a significant animal welfare issue for the beef industry, analgesia is not always used for this procedure, largely...
Although the pain caused by castration of calves is a significant animal welfare issue for the beef industry, analgesia is not always used for this procedure, largely because of practical limitations associated with injectable forms of pain relief. Novel analgesic formulations have now been developed for livestock to allow topical and buccal administration, offering practical options to improve cattle welfare if shown to be effective. To assess the effects of topical anaesthetic (TA) and buccal meloxicam (BM) on average daily gain (ADG), behaviour and inflammation following surgical castration of beef calves, a total of 50 unweaned bull calves were randomly allocated to: (1) sham castration (SHAM, n=10); (2) surgical castration (C, n=10); (3) surgical castration with pre-operative buccal meloxicam (CBM, n=10); (4) surgical castration with post-operative topical anaesthetic (CTA, n=10); and (5) surgical castration with pre-operative buccal meloxicam and post-operative topical anaesthetic (CBMTA, n=10). Calves were recorded on video for 5 h following treatment and the frequency and duration of specific behaviours displayed by each animal was later observed for 5 min every hour (total of 25 min). Average daily gain was calculated 1, 2 and 6 days following treatment. Scrotal diameter measurements and photographs of wounds were collected from all castrated calves 1, 2 and 6 days following treatment to evaluate inflammation and wound healing. Infrared photographs were used to identify maximum scrotal temperature. Digital photographs were used to visually score wounds on a numerical rating scale of 1 to 5, with signs of inflammation increasing and signs of healing decreasing with progressive scores. Sham castration calves displayed significantly less, and C calves displayed significantly more foot stamps than all other calves (P=0.005). Observations on the duration of time that calves displayed a hypometric 'stiff gait' locomotion, indicated that SHAM calves tended to spend no time, C calves tended to spend the greatest time and all other calves tended to spend an intermediate time displaying this behaviour (P=0.06). Maximum scrotal temperatures were lower in CBM and CBMTA calves than C and CTA calves 2 days following treatment (P=0.004). There was no significant effect of treatment on ADG (P=0.7), scrotal diameter (P=0.09) or wound morphology score (P=0.5). These results suggest that TA and BM, alone or in combination, reduced pain and BM reduced inflammation following surgical castration of calves.
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Inflammation; Male; Meloxicam; Orchiectomy; Pain; Random Allocation
PubMed: 29477153
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731118000216 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2020Objectives of this study were to determine effects of meloxicam administered in 2 forms on IgG uptake, growth, and health of preweaned calves. Sixteen Holstein bulls and...
Objectives of this study were to determine effects of meloxicam administered in 2 forms on IgG uptake, growth, and health of preweaned calves. Sixteen Holstein bulls and 14 heifers with a body weight (BW) of 44.3 ± 5.24 kg were blocked by birth date in a randomized complete block design. Calves were removed from the dam before suckling, weighed, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) colostrum replacer (CR) at 0 h with no meloxicam (control; CON), (2) 1 mg/kg of BW of meloxicam in pill form before CR (PL), or (3) 1 mg/kg of BW of meloxicam mixed in solution with CR (SL). Calves were fed 675 g of dry matter of CR, providing a volume of 3 L and 180 g of IgG. Blood samples were collected at 0 h to analyze initial IgG and ketone concentrations, and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h to analyze IgG uptake. At 24 h, calves were fed 432 g of dry matter of 24% crude protein milk replacer (MR) split in 2 feedings, and free choice starter and water until 42 d. Weekly blood samples were analyzed for glucose, plasma urea nitrogen, and ketone concentrations. Time of consumption of MR, BW, length, hip and withers height, and heart girth were recorded weekly. All calves achieved adequate transfer of immunity. Meloxicam did not affect apparent efficiency of absorption, serum total protein, or IgG uptake at 6, 18, and 24 h; however, meloxicam-treated calves had lesser IgG concentrations at 12 h (24.40 and 22.59 g/L for PL and SL, respectively) compared with CON (28.47 g/L). Meloxicam treatment did not affect BW. Calves that received PL tended to gain length at a faster rate (0.24 cm/d) than those that received SL (0.19 cm/d). Meloxicam treatment did not affect MR intake, time of consumption of MR, total dry matter intake, or feed efficiency. Meloxicam-treated calves tended to consume more starter (560.4 and 515.4 g/d for PL and SL, respectively) than those that received CON (452.6 g/d). Ketone levels tended to be greater in meloxicam-treated calves (0.15 and 0.17 mmol/L for PL and SL, respectively), suggesting improved rumen development compared with those that received CON (0.12 mmol/L). Meloxicam treatment did not affect plasma urea nitrogen . Glucose concentrations of calves that received PL (73.2 mg/dL) were less than those that received SL (83.3 mg/dL). Results of this study suggest that meloxicam given at 0 h offers positive effects on starter intake, and possibly rumen development, of preweaned dairy calves. Treatment PL, as compared with SL, offered positive results for rumen development, indicated by lower blood glucose levels.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cattle; Colostrum; Diet; Eating; Female; Immunoglobulin G; Intestine, Small; Ketones; Male; Meloxicam; Milk Substitutes; Pregnancy; Rumen; Weaning
PubMed: 33041029
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18501 -
F1000Research 2023The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication meloxicam (MLX) belongs to the oxicam family and is used to reduce inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to...
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication meloxicam (MLX) belongs to the oxicam family and is used to reduce inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to improve MLX's dispersibility and stability by producing it as a liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system since it is practically insoluble in water. Five different formulations were made by adjusting the amounts of propylene glycol, Transcutol P, Tween 80, and oleic acid oil and establishing a pseudo-ternary diagram in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 3:4, respectively. All of the prepared formulations were tested for a variety of properties, including thermodynamic stability, polydispersity index, particle size distributions, dilution resistance, drug contents, dispersibility, solubility of the drug, and emulsification time. F5 was chosen as the optimal MLX liquid self-microemulsion due to its higher drug content (99.8%), greater release (100% at 40 min), smaller droplet size (63 nm), lower polydispersity index (PDI) value (0.3), and higher stability (a zeta potential of -81 mV). According to the data provided here, the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system is the most practical method for improving the dispersibility and stability of MLX.
Topics: Meloxicam; Surface-Active Agents; Emulsions; Drug Delivery Systems; Polysorbates
PubMed: 37359788
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130749.2 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Dec 2017OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of meloxicam on movement, feeding, and drinking behaviors of transported and nontransported cattle. ANIMALS 100 crossbred beef steers.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of meloxicam on movement, feeding, and drinking behaviors of transported and nontransported cattle. ANIMALS 100 crossbred beef steers. PROCEDURES During experiment 1 of a 2-experiment study, calves from a livestock auction received meloxicam (1 mg/kg, PO; n = 50) or a lactose placebo (1 capsule/calf; 50; control), then calves were transported approximately 1,000 km overnight to a feedlot, where they were instrumented with a real-time location-monitoring ear tag, placed in randomly assigned pens (n = 5 pens/treatment), and monitored for 21 days. During experiment 2, calves in pens were administered the treatment opposite that of experiment 1, returned to their pens without undergoing transportation, and monitored for another 21 days. For each experiment, mean daily distance traveled and percentage time spent near feed (PNF) and water (PNW) were calculated on a pen basis and compared between treatments. RESULTS During experiment 1, mean daily distance traveled, PNF, and PNW did not differ significantly between meloxicam-treated and control calves; however, all 3 behaviors varied significantly by day. During experiment 2, although mean distance traveled was significantly associated with the interaction between day and treatment, it did not differ significantly between meloxicam-treated and control calves within any specific day. Mean PNF and PNW were significantly associated with day only, although no pattern in that effect was evident. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that a single dose of meloxicam prior to transportation did not significantly affect the behaviors of transported and nontransported calves.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cattle; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Male; Meloxicam; Movement; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Transportation
PubMed: 29182391
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1437 -
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Jan 2024To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) during multiple dose administration.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) during multiple dose administration.
STUDY DESIGN
Prospective experimental trial.
ANIMALS
A total of eight clinically healthy adult nursehounds (four males, four females).
METHODS
Meloxicam was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1.5 mg kg once daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for pharmacokinetic analysis at 2.5 hours and 24 hours after drug administration. After a 4 week washout period, meloxicam was administered orally at the same dose at 12 hour intervals for three repeated doses. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the first administration. Sharks were visually monitored during each study and 4 weeks afterwards for side effects or signs of toxicity. Time required to achieve steady state was assessed by visual inspection and statistical comparison of peak and trough concentrations using a Friedman test; comparison between sexes was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test and p-value was set at 0.05.
RESULTS
No animal died or showed clinical signs of toxicity during the study. Meloxicam administered orally did not produce detectable concentrations in plasma. After intramuscular administration, steady state was achieved after five doses, and mean trough and peak plasma concentrations at steady state were 1.76 ± 0.21 μg mL and 3.02 ± 0.23 μg mL, respectively. Mean peak concentration accumulation ratio was 2.50 ± 0.22.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study shows that intramuscular posology produces plasma concentrations considered therapeutic for other species. However, meloxicam was not detected in plasma after oral administration. These results suggest that meloxicam administered intramuscularly may be a useful non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug in nursehound sharks. Further pharmacodynamic studies are needed to fully evaluate its clinical use in this species.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Meloxicam; Sharks; Prospective Studies; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Half-Life; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Area Under Curve; Administration, Oral
PubMed: 38065822
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.09.072