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Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Feb 2011Oral mucosa consists of two tissue layers, the superficial epithelium and the underlying lamina propria. Together, oral mucosa functions as a barrier against exogenous... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosa consists of two tissue layers, the superficial epithelium and the underlying lamina propria. Together, oral mucosa functions as a barrier against exogenous substances and pathogens. In development, interactions of stem/progenitor cells of the epithelium and mesenchyme are crucial to the morphogenesis of oral mucosa. Previous work in oral mucosa regeneration has yielded important clues for several meritorious proof-of-concept approaches. Tissue engineering offers a broad array of novel tools for oral mucosa regeneration with reduced donor site trauma and accelerated clinical translation. However, the developmental concept of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) is rarely considered in oral mucosa regeneration. EMIs in postnatal oral mucosa regeneration likely will not be a simple recapitulation of prenatal oral mucosa development. Biomaterial scaffolds play an indispensible role for oral mucosa regeneration and should provide a conducive environment for pivotal EMIs. Autocrine and paracrine factors, either exogenously delivered or innately produced, have rarely been and should be harnessed to promote oral mucosa regeneration. This review focuses on a working concept of epithelial and mesenchymal interactions in oral mucosa regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Concept Formation; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Mesoderm; Mouth Mucosa; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 21062224
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2010.0489 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2009For a tumour cell to metastasize it must successfully negotiate a number of events, requiring a series of coordinated changes in the expression of many genes. MicroRNAs... (Review)
Review
For a tumour cell to metastasize it must successfully negotiate a number of events, requiring a series of coordinated changes in the expression of many genes. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally control gene expression. As microRNAs are now recognised as master regulators of gene networks and play important roles in tumourigenesis, it is no surprise that microRNAs have recently been demonstrated to have central roles during metastasis. Recent work has also demonstrated critical roles for microRNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a phenotypic change underlain by altered gene expression patterns that is believed to mirror events in metastatic progression. These findings offer new potential for improved prognostics through expression profiling and may represent novel molecular treatment targets for future therapy. In this review, we summarise the multistep processes of metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and describe the recent discoveries of microRNAs that participate in controlling these processes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Epithelium; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Mesoderm; MicroRNAs; Neoplasm Metastasis
PubMed: 19153653
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-8750-1 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Curcumin has been placed at the forefront of the researcher's attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological effects and health benefits. A considerable volume of... (Review)
Review
Curcumin has been placed at the forefront of the researcher's attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological effects and health benefits. A considerable volume of articles has pointed out curcumin's effects on the fate of stem cell differentiation. In this review, a descriptive mechanism of how curcumin affects the outcome of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the mesodermal lineage-i.e., adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte differentiation-is compiled from the literature. The sections include the mechanism of inhibition or induction of MSCs differentiation to each lineage, their governing molecular mechanisms, and their signal transduction pathways. The effect of different curcumin doses and its structural modifications on the MSCs differentiation is also discussed.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Curcumin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31703322
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224029 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Aug 1998Normal lung morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation require interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. We have previously shown that distal lung mesenchyme (LgM) is...
Normal lung morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation require interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. We have previously shown that distal lung mesenchyme (LgM) is capable of reprogramming tracheal epithelium (TrE) from day 13-14 rat fetuses to branch in a lung-like pattern and express a distal lung epithelial phenotype. In the present study, we have assessed the effects of tracheal mesenchyme (TrM) on branching and cytodifferentiation of distal lung epithelium (LgE). Tracheae and distal lung tips from day 13 rat fetuses were separated into purified epithelial and mesenchymal components, then recombined as homotypic (LgM + LgE or TrM + TrE) or heterotypic (LgM + TrE or TrM + LgE) recombinants and cultured for 5 days; unseparated lung tips and tracheae served as controls. Control lung tips, LgM + LgE, and LgM + TrE recombinants all branched in an identical pattern. Epithelial cells, including those from the induced TrE, contained abundant glycogen deposits and lamellar bodies, and expressed surfactant protein C (SP-C) mRNA. Trachea controls, and both TrM + TrE, and TrM + LgE recombinants did not branch, but instead formed cysts. The epithelium contained ciliated and mucous secretory cells; importantly, no cells containing lamellar bodies were observed, nor was SP-C mRNA detected. Mucin immunostaining showed copious production of mucous in both LgE and TrE when recombined with TrM. These results demonstrate that epithelial differentiation in the recombinants appears to be wholly dependent on the type of mesenchyme used, and that the entire respiratory epithelium has significant plasticity in eventual phenotype at this stage in development.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Female; Lung; Mesoderm; Microscopy, Electron; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Subcellular Fractions; Trachea
PubMed: 9707322
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199808)212:4<482::AID-AJA2>3.0.CO;2-D -
The Journal of Cell Biology Dec 1994Epithelia and mesenchyme interact during various physiologic and pathologic processes. Scatter factor is a mesenchyme-derived cytokine that stimulates motility,... (Review)
Review
Epithelia and mesenchyme interact during various physiologic and pathologic processes. Scatter factor is a mesenchyme-derived cytokine that stimulates motility, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelia. Recent studies suggest that scatter factor and its receptor (c-met) mediate mesenchyme/epithelia signalling and even interconversion. In this mini-review, we will discuss how scatter factor and c-met may mediate interactions between mesenchyme and epithelia during embryogenesis, organ repair, and neoplasia.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Hepatocyte Growth Factor; Mesoderm; Mice; Neoplasms, Experimental; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; Rats; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Regeneration; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 7806559
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.127.6.1783 -
PloS One 2018The evolution of the tetrapod limb involved an expansion and elaboration of the endoskeletal elements, while the fish fin rays were lost. Loss of fin-specific genes, and...
The evolution of the tetrapod limb involved an expansion and elaboration of the endoskeletal elements, while the fish fin rays were lost. Loss of fin-specific genes, and regulatory changes in key appendicular patterning genes have been identified as mechanisms of limb evolution, however their contributions to cellular organization and tissue differences between fins and limbs remains poorly understood. During early larval fin development, hoxa13a/hoxd13a-expressing fin fold mesenchyme migrate through the median and pectoral fin along actinotrichia fibrils, non-calcified skeletal elements crucial for supporting the fin fold. Fin fold mesenchyme migration defects have previously been proposed as a mechanism of fin dermal bone loss during tetrapod evolution as it has been shown they contribute directly to the fin ray osteoblast population. Using the nitroreductase/metronidazole system, we genetically ablated a subset of hoxa13a/hoxd13a-expressing fin fold mesenchyme to assess its contributions to fin development. Following the ablation of fin fold mesenchyme in larvae, the actinotrichia are unable to remain rigid and the median and pectoral fin folds collapse, resulting in a reduced fin fold size. The remaining cells following ablation are unable to migrate and show decreased actinodin1 mesenchymal reporter activity. Actinodin proteins are crucial structural component of the actinotrichia. Additionally, we show a decrease in hoxa13a, hoxd13a, fgf10a and altered shha, and ptch2 expression during larval fin development. A continuous treatment of metronidazole leads to fin ray defects at 30dpf. Fewer rays are present compared to stage-matched control larvae, and these rays are shorter and less defined. These results suggest the targeted hoxa13a/hoxd13a-expressing mesenchyme contribute to their own successful migration through their contributions to actinotrichia. Furthermore, due to their fate as fin ray osteoblasts, we propose their initial ablation, and subsequent disorganization produces truncated fin dermal bone elements during late larval stages.
Topics: Animal Fins; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Larva; Mesoderm; Metronidazole; Zebrafish
PubMed: 29420592
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192500 -
The International Journal of... 2004The initiation of the development of skin appendages (hair/feathers/scales) requires a signal from the competent dense dermis to the epidermis (Dhouailly, 1977). It is... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The initiation of the development of skin appendages (hair/feathers/scales) requires a signal from the competent dense dermis to the epidermis (Dhouailly, 1977). It is therefore essential to understand how to make a competent dermis. In recent years, a few studies have focused on the development of the dorsal dermis from the somitic dermomyotome. Our first aim in this review is to attempt to reconcile the available data on the origin of the dorsal dermis and summarize the present knowledge on the molecular mechanisms implicated in dermal lineage induction. Secondly, we open the discussion on the formation of a loose pre-dermal mesenchyme and more importantly of a dense dermis capable of participating in appendage development. To go further we draw a comparison between the chick and mouse systems to gain a new insight into how to initiate appendage morphogenesis and regulate the extent of hair/feather fields.
Topics: Animals; Cell Lineage; Dermis; Extremities; Feathers; Glycoproteins; Humans; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Somites; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 15272374
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.15272374 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Apr 2014Cell lineage tracing is a powerful tool for understanding how proliferation and differentiation of individual cells contribute to population behaviour. In the developing... (Review)
Review
Cell lineage tracing is a powerful tool for understanding how proliferation and differentiation of individual cells contribute to population behaviour. In the developing enteric nervous system (ENS), enteric neural crest (ENC) cells move and undergo massive population expansion by cell division within self-growing mesenchymal tissue. We show that single ENC cells labelled to follow clonality in the intestine reveal extraordinary and unpredictable variation in number and position of descendant cells, even though ENS development is highly predictable at the population level. We use an agent-based model to simulate ENC colonization and obtain agent lineage tracing data, which we analyse using econometric data analysis tools. In all realizations, a small proportion of identical initial agents accounts for a substantial proportion of the total final agent population. We term these individuals superstars. Their existence is consistent across individual realizations and is robust to changes in model parameters. This inequality of outcome is amplified at elevated proliferation rate. The experiments and model suggest that stochastic competition for resources is an important concept when understanding biological processes which feature high levels of cell proliferation. The results have implications for cell-fate processes in the ENS.
Topics: Animals; Cell Lineage; Enteric Nervous System; Humans; Mesoderm; Models, Neurological; Neural Crest
PubMed: 24501272
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0815 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Nov 2007ETS-family factors play major roles in development and cancer, notably as critical targets for extra-cellular signaling pathways, including MAPK-signaling. Given the...
ETS-family factors play major roles in development and cancer, notably as critical targets for extra-cellular signaling pathways, including MAPK-signaling. Given the presently limited knowledge on the role of ETS-factors in pancreatic development, we here sought to characterize all 26 individual members of the ETS-family in relation to pancreatic development using a combination of genomics, RT-PCR, and histological techniques. This analysis uncovers 22 ETS family genes displaying select spatial and temporal expression patterns in the developing pancreas. Highly specific expression of ETS-family components is observed in pancreatic progenitor cells or the associated embryonic mesenchyme. Other members are linked to the differentiation of more mature pancreatic cells, including exocrine and endocrine cell types. We find that two members of the Etv subfamily, Etv4 and Etv5, are expressed in cells proximal to pancreatic mesenchyme, and, furthermore, induced in FGF10-arrested pancreatic progenitors suggesting that these factors mediate mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; In Situ Hybridization; Mesoderm; Mice; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Pancreas; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 17907201
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21292 -
Cells, Tissues, Organs 2013The development of cell-based therapeutic strategies to bioengineer tooth tissue is a promising approach for the treatment of lost or damaged tooth tissue. The lack of a...
The development of cell-based therapeutic strategies to bioengineer tooth tissue is a promising approach for the treatment of lost or damaged tooth tissue. The lack of a readily available cell source for human dental epithelial cells (ECs) severely constrains the progress of tooth bioengineering. Previous studies in model organisms have demonstrated that developing dental mesenchyme can instruct nondental epithelium to differentiate into enamel-forming epithelium. In this study, we characterized the ability of fetal and adult human dental mesenchyme to promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived ECs (ES-ECs) into ameloblast-lineage cells. ES-ECs were co-cultured either with human fetal dental mesenchymal cells (FDMCs) or with adult dental mesenchymal cells (ADMCs) in either a three-dimensional culture system, or in the renal capsules of SCID mice. When co-cultured with FDMCs in vitro, ES-ECs polarized and expressed amelogenin. Tooth organ-like structures assembled with epithelium and encased mesenchyme and developing enamel-like structures could be detected in the complexes resulting from in vitro and ex vivo co-culture of ES-ECs and FDMCs. In contrast, co-cultured ES-ECs and ADMCs formed amorphous spherical structures and occasionally formed hair. Transcription factors were significantly upregulated in FDMCs compared to ADMCs including MSX1, GLI1, LHX6, LHX8,LEF1 and TBX1. In summary, FDMCs but not ADMCs had the capacity to induce differentiation of ES-ECs into ameloblast lineage cells. Further characterization of the functional differences between these two types of dental mesenchyme could enable reprogramming of ADMCs to enhance their odontogenic inductive competence.
Topics: Adult; Ameloblasts; Amelogenin; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Embryonic Stem Cells; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fetus; Humans; Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; Male; Mesoderm; Mice; Mice, SCID; Odontogenesis; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Tooth; Transcription Factors; Transfection; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 24192998
DOI: 10.1159/000353116