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Developmental Cell Dec 2014Cellular senescence is a response to damage that involves inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling and that resolves with the phagocytic elimination of the...
Cellular senescence is a response to damage that involves inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling and that resolves with the phagocytic elimination of the senescent cells. Demaria et al. (2014) in this issue of Developmental Cell demonstrate that cellular senescence plays an active and positive role during tissue regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Cellular Senescence; Endothelial Cells; Female; Male; Mesoderm; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; Wound Healing
PubMed: 25535913
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.007 -
Current Opinion in Genetics &... Jun 2015Each of the steps of respiratory system development relies on intricate interactions and coordinated development of the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. In the past, more... (Review)
Review
Each of the steps of respiratory system development relies on intricate interactions and coordinated development of the lung epithelium and mesenchyme. In the past, more attention has been paid to the epithelium than the mesenchyme. The mesenchyme is a source of specification and morphogenetic signals as well as a host of surprisingly complex cell lineages that are crucial for normal lung development and function. This review highlights recent research focusing on the mesenchyme that has revealed genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of its development in the context of other cell layers during respiratory lineage specification, branching morphogenesis, epithelial differentiation, lineage distinction, vascular development, and alveolar maturation.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Lung; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Respiratory Mucosa
PubMed: 25796078
DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.011 -
Developmental Biology Sep 2017The physical basis of morphogenesis is a fascinating concern that has been a longstanding interest of developmental biologists. In this review, I attempt to incorporate... (Review)
Review
The physical basis of morphogenesis is a fascinating concern that has been a longstanding interest of developmental biologists. In this review, I attempt to incorporate earlier and recent biophysical concepts and data to explain basic features of early limb bud morphogenesis. In particular, I discuss the influence of mesenchymal cohesion and physical properties that might contribute to phase separation of the bud from the lateral plate, the possibility that the early dorsoventral limb bud axis is moulded by the surface ectoderm, and endogenous electric fields that might contribute to oriented cell movements which generate the early limb bud. A combination of quantitative biophysical experimentation and modelling will likely advance this field.
Topics: Animals; Biophysical Phenomena; Cell Movement; Cell Polarity; Electricity; Limb Buds; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 28669818
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.034 -
Nature Aug 2020Formation of the body of vertebrate embryos proceeds sequentially by posterior addition of tissues from the tail bud. Cells of the tail bud and the posterior presomitic...
Formation of the body of vertebrate embryos proceeds sequentially by posterior addition of tissues from the tail bud. Cells of the tail bud and the posterior presomitic mesoderm, which control posterior elongation, exhibit a high level of aerobic glycolysis that is reminiscent of the metabolic status of cancer cells experiencing the Warburg effect. Glycolytic activity downstream of fibroblast growth factor controls WNT signalling in the tail bud. In the neuromesodermal precursors of the tail bud, WNT signalling promotes the mesodermal fate that is required for sustained axial elongation, at the expense of the neural fate. How glycolysis regulates WNT signalling in the tail bud is currently unknown. Here we used chicken embryos and human tail bud-like cells differentiated in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells to show that these cells exhibit an inverted pH gradient, with the extracellular pH lower than the intracellular pH, as observed in cancer cells. Our data suggest that glycolysis increases extrusion of lactate coupled to protons via the monocarboxylate symporters. This contributes to elevating the intracellular pH in these cells, which creates a favourable chemical environment for non-enzymatic β-catenin acetylation downstream of WNT signalling. As acetylated β-catenin promotes mesodermal rather than neural fate, this ultimately leads to activation of mesodermal transcriptional WNT targets and specification of the paraxial mesoderm in tail bud precursors. Our work supports the notion that some tumour cells reactivate a developmental metabolic programme.
Topics: Acetylation; Amnion; Animals; Body Patterning; Chick Embryo; Glycolysis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactic Acid; Mesoderm; Wnt Proteins; beta Catenin
PubMed: 32581357
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2428-0 -
Journal of Biomedical Science Jun 2022The molecular mechanisms that regulate embryogenesis and cardiac development are calibrated by multiple signal transduction pathways within or between different cell... (Review)
Review
The molecular mechanisms that regulate embryogenesis and cardiac development are calibrated by multiple signal transduction pathways within or between different cell lineages via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms of action. The heart is the first functional organ to form during development, which highlights the importance of this organ in later stages of growth. Knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiac development and adult cardiac homeostasis paves the way for discovering therapeutic possibilities for cardiac disease treatment. Serum response factor (SRF) is a major transcription factor that controls both embryonic and adult cardiac development. SRF expression is needed through the duration of development, from the first mesodermal cell in a developing embryo to the last cell damaged by infarction in the myocardium. Precise regulation of SRF expression is critical for mesoderm formation and cardiac crescent formation in the embryo, and altered SRF levels lead to cardiomyopathies in the adult heart, suggesting the vital role played by SRF in cardiac development and disease. This review provides a detailed overview of SRF and its partners in their various functions and discusses the future scope and possible therapeutic potential of SRF in the cardiovascular system.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Heart; Mesoderm; Myocardium; Serum Response Factor; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35681202
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00820-3 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2016The muscles of the shoulder region are important for movements of the upper limbs and for stabilizing the girdle elements by connecting them to the trunk. They have a... (Review)
Review
The muscles of the shoulder region are important for movements of the upper limbs and for stabilizing the girdle elements by connecting them to the trunk. They have a triple embryonic origin. First, the branchiomeric shoulder girdle muscles (sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles) develop from the occipital lateral plate mesoderm using Tbx1 over the course of this development. The second population of cells constitutes the superficial shoulder girdle muscles (pectoral and latissimus dorsi muscles), which are derived from the wing premuscle mass. This muscle group undergoes a two-step development, referred to as the "in-out" mechanism. Myogenic precursor cells first migrate anterogradely into the wing bud. Subsequently, they migrate in a retrograde manner from the wing premuscle mass to the trunk. SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling is involved in this outward migration. A third group of shoulder muscles are the rhomboidei and serratus anterior muscles, which are referred to as deep shoulder girdle muscles; they are thought to be derived from the myotomes. It is, however, not clear how myotome cells make contact to the scapula to form these two muscles. In this review, we discuss the development of the shoulder girdle muscle in relation to the different muscle groups.
Topics: Animals; Avian Proteins; Chick Embryo; Humans; Limb Buds; Mesoderm; Muscle, Skeletal; Myoblasts, Skeletal; Shoulder; Signal Transduction; Wings, Animal
PubMed: 26676088
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24378 -
Cell Reports Aug 2022Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can adopt lineage-specific gene-expression programs by stepwise exposure to defined factors, resulting in the generation of functional cell...
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can adopt lineage-specific gene-expression programs by stepwise exposure to defined factors, resulting in the generation of functional cell types. Bulk and single-cell-based assays were employed to catalog gene expression, histone modifications, chromatin conformation, and accessibility transitions in ESC populations and individual cells acquiring a presomitic mesoderm fate and undergoing further specification toward myogenic and neurogenic lineages. These assays identified cis-regulatory regions and transcription factors presiding over gene-expression programs occurring at defined ESC transitions and revealed the presence of heterogeneous cell populations within discrete ESC developmental stages. The datasets were employed to identify previously unappreciated genomic elements directing the initial activation of Pax7 and myogenic and neurogenic gene-expression programs. This study provides a resource for the discovery of genomic and transcriptional features of pluripotent, mesoderm-induced ESCs and ESC-derived cell lineages.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Transcriptome
PubMed: 35977485
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111219 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jun 2019The proepicardium (PE) is a transitory extracardiac embryonic structure which plays a crucial role in cardiac morphogenesis and delivers various cell lineages to the... (Review)
Review
The proepicardium (PE) is a transitory extracardiac embryonic structure which plays a crucial role in cardiac morphogenesis and delivers various cell lineages to the developing heart. The PE arises from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) and is present in all vertebrate species. During development, mesothelial cells of the PE reach the naked myocardium either as free-floating aggregates in the form of vesicles or via a tissue bridge; subsequently, they attach to the myocardium and, finally, form the third layer of a mature heart-the epicardium. After undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) some of the epicardial cells migrate into the myocardial wall and differentiate into fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and possibly other cell types. Despite many recent findings, the molecular pathways that control not only proepicardial induction and differentiation but also epicardial formation and epicardial cell fate are poorly understood. Knowledge about these events is essential because molecular mechanisms that occur during embryonic development have been shown to be reactivated in pathological conditions, for example, after myocardial infarction, during hypertensive heart disease or other cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, in this review we intended to summarize the current knowledge about PE formation and structure, as well as proepicardial cell fate in animals commonly used as models for studies on heart development. Anat Rec, 302:893-903, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Fibroblasts; Humans; Mesoderm; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Pericardium; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Species Specificity
PubMed: 30421563
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24028 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Jan 2016The limbs are a significant evolutionary innovation that enabled vertebrates to diversify and colonise new environments. Tetrapods have two pairs of limbs, forelimbs in... (Review)
Review
The limbs are a significant evolutionary innovation that enabled vertebrates to diversify and colonise new environments. Tetrapods have two pairs of limbs, forelimbs in the upper body and hindlimbs in the lower body. The morphologies of the forelimbs and hindlimbs are distinct, reflecting their specific locomotory functions although they share many common signalling networks that regulate their development. The paired appendages in vertebrates form at fixed positions along the rostral-caudal axis and this occurs as a consequence of earlier subdivision of the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) into regions with distinct limb forming potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that confer a broad region of the flank with limb-forming potential and its subsequent refinement into distinct forelimb-forming, hindlimb-forming and interlimb territories.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Forelimb; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hindlimb; Humans; Limb Buds; Mesoderm; Transcriptional Activation
PubMed: 26643124
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.011 -
Nature Communications Aug 2020The periodic cartilage and smooth muscle structures in mammalian trachea are derived from tracheal mesoderm, and tracheal malformations result in serious respiratory...
The periodic cartilage and smooth muscle structures in mammalian trachea are derived from tracheal mesoderm, and tracheal malformations result in serious respiratory defects in neonates. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in mesoderm is critical to confer trachea mesenchymal identity in human and mouse. At the initiation of tracheal development, endoderm begins to express Nkx2.1, and then mesoderm expresses the Tbx4 gene. Loss of β-catenin in fetal mouse mesoderm causes loss of Tbx4 tracheal mesoderm and tracheal cartilage agenesis. The mesenchymal Tbx4 expression relies on endodermal Wnt activation and Wnt ligand secretion but is independent of known Nkx2.1-mediated respiratory development, suggesting that bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm promotes trachea development. Activating Wnt, Bmp signaling in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) generates tracheal mesoderm containing chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells. For human ESC-derived LPM, SHH activation is required along with WNT to generate proper tracheal mesoderm. Together, these findings may contribute to developing applications for human tracheal tissue repair.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Human Embryonic Stem Cells; Humans; Mesoderm; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells; T-Box Domain Proteins; Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; Trachea; Wnt Signaling Pathway; beta Catenin
PubMed: 32855415
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17969-w