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Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 1992Segments of primitive streak from donor quail embryos at stages of gastrulation and neurulation were transplanted heterotopically and isochronically to primitive streaks...
Segments of primitive streak from donor quail embryos at stages of gastrulation and neurulation were transplanted heterotopically and isochronically to primitive streaks of host chick embryos. The subsequent movement and fate of grafted cells was determined using the quail nucleolar marker to define grafted cells. The pattern of movement of grafted cells depended on their new position within the primitive streak, not on their original position. When cells of cranial regions were placed more caudally, they moved to mesodermal subdivisions that were located lateral to those they would have populated if left in their original position. When caudal segments were placed more cranially, they moved to more medial mesodermal subdivisions. Whether the fate of grafted cells corresponded to their original location or their new location depended on both their level of origin and their new position. Cells from heterotopically transplanted Hensen's nodes, which migrated to the somitic and more lateral mesoderm, self-differentiated notochords. Similarly, in some cases, heterotopically transplanted prospective somitic cells, which migrated to lateral plate mesoderm, formed ectopic somites. In other cases, however, grafted cells contributed to the host's somites, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, prospective somitic cells, which migrated to the extraembryonic lateral plate mesoderm, changed their fate and formed extraembryonic lateral plate mesoderm; and prospective lateral plate mesoderm cells, which migrated to the somitic mesoderm, formed somites as well as intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Chick Embryo; Coturnix; Gastrula; Mesoderm
PubMed: 1600243
DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001930305 -
Transplantation Reviews (Orlando, Fla.) Oct 2008Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) originally isolated from bone marrow have been derived from almost every tissue in the body. These multipotent cells can be... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) originally isolated from bone marrow have been derived from almost every tissue in the body. These multipotent cells can be differentiated in vitro and in vivo into various cell types of mesenchymal origin, such as bone, fat, and cartilage. Furthermore, under some experimental conditions, these cells can differentiate into a wider variety of cell types. Upon systemic administration, ex vivo expanded MSCs preferentially home to damaged tissues and participate in regeneration processes through their diverse biological properties. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that MSCs have low inherent immunogenicity and modulate/suppress immunologic responses through interactions with different immune cells. Ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion of MSCs, combined with their intriguing differentiation and immunomodulatory potential, and their impressive record of safety in clinical trials make these cells prime candidates for cellular therapy. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow are currently being evaluated for a wide range of clinical applications including for treatment of immune dysregulation disorders such as acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the future, MSCs might potentially provide novel therapeutic options for treatment/prevention of rejection and/or repair of organ allografts through their multifaceted properties.
Topics: Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Mesoderm; Organ Transplantation; Stromal Cells
PubMed: 18656340
DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2008.05.002 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Sep 2008Stem cells are a powerful resource for cell-based transplantation therapies in osteodegenerative disorders, but before some kinds of stem cells can be applied... (Review)
Review
Stem cells are a powerful resource for cell-based transplantation therapies in osteodegenerative disorders, but before some kinds of stem cells can be applied clinically, several aspects of their expansion and differentiation need to be better controlled. Wnt molecules and members of the Wnt signaling cascade have been ascribed a role in both these processes in vitro as well as normal development in vivo. However some results are controversial. In this review we will present the hypothesis that both canonical and non-canonical signaling are involved in mesenchymal cell fate regulation, such as adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and that in vitro it is a timely switch between the two that specifies the identity of the differentiating cell. We will specifically focus on the in vitro differentiation of adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts contrasting embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells as well as the role of Wnts in mesenchymal fate specification during embryogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Humans; Mesoderm; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 18528633
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8042-1 -
TMEM132A ensures mouse caudal neural tube closure and regulates integrin-based mesodermal migration.Development (Cambridge, England) Sep 2022Coordinated migration of the mesoderm is essential for accurate organization of the body plan during embryogenesis. However, little is known about how mesoderm migration...
Coordinated migration of the mesoderm is essential for accurate organization of the body plan during embryogenesis. However, little is known about how mesoderm migration influences posterior neural tube closure in mammals. Here, we show that spinal neural tube closure and lateral migration of the caudal paraxial mesoderm depend on transmembrane protein 132A (TMEM132A), a single-pass type I transmembrane protein, the function of which is not fully understood. Our study in Tmem132a-null mice and cell models demonstrates that TMEM132A regulates several integrins and downstream integrin pathway activation as well as cell migration behaviors. Our data also implicates mesoderm migration in elevation of the caudal neural folds and successful closure of the caudal neural tube. These results suggest a requirement for paraxial mesodermal cell migration during spinal neural tube closure, disruption of which may lead to spina bifida.
Topics: Animals; Integrins; Membrane Proteins; Mesoderm; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neural Tube; Neural Tube Defects
PubMed: 35950911
DOI: 10.1242/dev.200442 -
Science Signaling Apr 2023The transition between pluripotent and tissue-specific states is a key aspect of development. Understanding the pathways driving these transitions will facilitate the...
The transition between pluripotent and tissue-specific states is a key aspect of development. Understanding the pathways driving these transitions will facilitate the engineering of properly differentiated cells for experimental and therapeutic uses. Here, we showed that during mesoderm differentiation, the transcription factor Oct1 activated developmental lineage-appropriate genes that were silent in pluripotent cells. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with an inducible knockout of Oct1, we showed that Oct1 deficiency resulted in poor induction of mesoderm-specific genes, leading to impaired mesodermal and terminal muscle differentiation. Oct1-deficient cells exhibited poor temporal coordination of the induction of lineage-specific genes and showed inappropriate developmental lineage branching, resulting in poorly differentiated cell states retaining epithelial characteristics. In ESCs, Oct1 localized with the pluripotency factor Oct4 at mesoderm-associated genes and remained bound to those loci during differentiation after the dissociation of Oct4. Binding events for Oct1 overlapped with those for the histone lysine demethylase Utx, and an interaction between Oct1 and Utx suggested that these two proteins cooperate to activate gene expression. The specificity of the ubiquitous Oct1 for the induction of mesodermal genes could be partially explained by the frequent coexistence of Smad and Oct binding sites at mesoderm-specific genes and the cooperative stimulation of mesodermal gene transcription by Oct1 and Smad3. Together, these results identify Oct1 as a key mediator of mesoderm lineage-specific gene induction.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Transcription Factors; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Binding Sites; Mesoderm; Cell Lineage
PubMed: 37071732
DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add5750 -
Cell Reports Oct 2020Animal embryogenesis requires a precise coordination between morphogenesis and cell fate specification. During mesoderm induction, mesodermal fate acquisition is tightly...
Animal embryogenesis requires a precise coordination between morphogenesis and cell fate specification. During mesoderm induction, mesodermal fate acquisition is tightly coordinated with the morphogenetic process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In zebrafish, cells exist transiently in a partial EMT state during mesoderm induction. Here, we show that cells expressing the transcription factor Sox2 are held in the partial EMT state, stopping them from completing the EMT and joining the mesoderm. This is critical for preventing the formation of ectopic neural tissue. The mechanism involves synergy between Sox2 and the mesoderm-inducing canonical Wnt signaling pathway. When Wnt signaling is inhibited in Sox2-expressing cells trapped in the partial EMT, cells exit into the mesodermal territory but form an ectopic spinal cord instead of mesoderm. Our work identifies a critical developmental checkpoint that ensures that morphogenetic movements establishing the mesodermal germ layer are accompanied by robust mesodermal cell fate acquisition.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis; SOXB1 Transcription Factors; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 33113369
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108311 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Curcumin has been placed at the forefront of the researcher's attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological effects and health benefits. A considerable volume of... (Review)
Review
Curcumin has been placed at the forefront of the researcher's attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological effects and health benefits. A considerable volume of articles has pointed out curcumin's effects on the fate of stem cell differentiation. In this review, a descriptive mechanism of how curcumin affects the outcome of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the mesodermal lineage-i.e., adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte differentiation-is compiled from the literature. The sections include the mechanism of inhibition or induction of MSCs differentiation to each lineage, their governing molecular mechanisms, and their signal transduction pathways. The effect of different curcumin doses and its structural modifications on the MSCs differentiation is also discussed.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Curcumin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31703322
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224029 -
BMC Evolutionary Biology Aug 2018Mesoderm is generally considered to be a germ layer that is unique to Bilateria, and it develops into diverse tissues, including muscle, and in the case of vertebrates,...
BACKGROUND
Mesoderm is generally considered to be a germ layer that is unique to Bilateria, and it develops into diverse tissues, including muscle, and in the case of vertebrates, the skeleton and notochord. Studies on various deuterostome animals have demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is required for the formation of many mesodermal structures, such as vertebrate somites, from which muscles are differentiated, and muscles in sea urchin embryos, suggesting an ancient role of FGF signaling in muscle development. However, the formation of trunk muscles in invertebrate chordates is FGF-independent, leading to ambiguity about this ancient role in deuterostomes. To further understand the role of FGF signaling during deuterostome evolution, we investigated the development of mesodermal structures during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Ptychodera flava, an indirect-developing hemichordate that has larval morphology similar to echinoderms and adult body features that are similar to chordates.
RESULTS
Here we show that genes encoding FGF ligands, FGF receptors and transcription factors that are known to be involved in mesoderm formation and myogenesis are expressed dynamically during embryogenesis and metamorphosis. FGF signaling at the early gastrula stage is required for the specification of the mesodermal cell fate in P. flava. The mesoderm cells are then differentiated stepwise into the hydroporic canal, the pharyngeal muscle and the muscle string; formation of the last two muscular structures are controlled by FGF signaling. Moreover, augmentation of FGF signaling during metamorphosis accelerated the process, facilitating the transformation from cilia-driven swimming larvae into muscle-driven worm-like juveniles.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that FGF signaling is required for mesoderm induction and myogenesis in the P. flava embryo, and it is reiteratively used for the morphological transition during metamorphosis. The dependence of muscle development on FGF signaling in both planktonic larvae and sand-burrowing worms supports its ancestral role in deuterostomes.
Topics: Animals; Chordata; Embryonic Development; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Larva; Ligands; Mesoderm; Metamorphosis, Biological; Muscle Development; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 30075704
DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1235-9 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Nov 2014Greco studies tissue regeneration and regression in the hair follicle and in cancer.
Greco studies tissue regeneration and regression in the hair follicle and in cancer.
Topics: Animals; Hair Follicle; Humans; Mesoderm; Neoplasms; Regeneration; Stem Cell Niche; Stem Cells
PubMed: 25422370
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2074pi -
PLoS Biology 2012The endogenous mechanism that determines vertebrate body length is unknown but must involve loss of chordo-neural-hinge (CNH)/axial stem cells and mesoderm progenitors...
The endogenous mechanism that determines vertebrate body length is unknown but must involve loss of chordo-neural-hinge (CNH)/axial stem cells and mesoderm progenitors in the tailbud. In early embryos, Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) maintains a cell pool that progressively generates the body and differentiation onset is driven by retinoid repression of FGF signalling. This raises the possibility that FGF maintains key tailbud cell populations and that rising retinoid activity underlies cessation of body axis elongation. Here we show that sudden loss of the mesodermal gene (Brachyury) from CNH and the mesoderm progenitor domain correlates with FGF signalling decline in the late chick tailbud. This is accompanied by expansion of neural gene expression and a similar change in cell fate markers is apparent in the human tailbud. Fate mapping of chick tailbud further revealed that spread of neural gene expression results from continued ingression of CNH-derived cells into the position of the mesoderm progenitor domain. Using gain and loss of function approaches in vitro and in vivo, we then show that attenuation of FGF/Erk signalling mediates this loss of Brachyury upstream of Wnt signalling, while high-level FGF maintains Brachyury and can induce ectopic CNH-like cell foci. We further demonstrate a rise in endogenous retinoid signalling in the tailbud and show that here FGF no longer opposes retinoid synthesis and activity. Furthermore, reduction of retinoid signalling at late stages elevated FGF activity and ectopically maintained mesodermal gene expression, implicating endogenous retinoid signalling in loss of mesoderm identity. Finally, axis termination is concluded by local cell death, which is reduced by blocking retinoid signalling, but involves an FGFR-independent mechanism. We propose that cessation of body elongation involves loss of FGF-dependent mesoderm identity in late stage tailbud and provide evidence that rising endogenous retinoid activity mediates this step and ultimately promotes cell death in chick tailbud.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Chick Embryo; Fetal Proteins; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Neurons; Retinoids; Signal Transduction; T-Box Domain Proteins
PubMed: 23118616
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001415