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Indian Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2023
Topics: Infant; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 37247182
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04653-2 -
Virulence Aug 2017Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting... (Review)
Review
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Aged; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Cytokines; Humans; Immune Evasion; Infant; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27911218
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725 -
Veterinary Research 2007Since its detection in 2001 the human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, was observed to be a serious pathogen in human respiratory... (Review)
Review
Since its detection in 2001 the human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, was observed to be a serious pathogen in human respiratory infections during childhood. Meanwhile, several animal models have been established to study the virus-host interactions and pathogenic effects. Mainly, small laboratory animals like mice and cotton rats have been used, although the usage of these two species for HMPV research is controversially discussed and contradictious results were obtained by different groups. Further trials with ferrets, hamsters and non human primates were performed revealing different success in their individual usage. In this review we present the different animal models, summarize their advantages and disadvantages, and discuss the controversial results from different studies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 17181987
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006051 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses May 2014Determine the burden of illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in adults, especially young adults.
OBJECTIVE
Determine the burden of illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in adults, especially young adults.
DESIGN
Prospective surveillance study using RT-PCR for the diagnosis of RSV and HMPV.
SETTING
One academic Emergency Department (ED), one academic hospital and three middle Tennessee community hospitals.
SAMPLE
We prospectively enrolled Middle Tennessee residents ≥18 years old evaluated in the emergency department (ED) or hospitalized for respiratory symptoms May 2009 through April 2010. We collected nose/throat specimens for RSV and HMPV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing and obtained demographic and clinical data.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Rates of ED visits and hospitalizations were calculated using the proportion of enrolled patients positive for each virus multiplied by the number of Middle Tennessee residents evaluated in EDs and/or hospitalized in Tennessee for acute respiratory illness during the study period.
RESULTS
Three thousand two hundred and fifty six patients were eligible; 1477 (45·4%) were enrolled; 1248 (84·5%) of these consented to additional testing and had adequate samples. RT-PCR identified 32 (2·6%) patients with RSV and 33 (2·6%) with HMPV. The median duration of symptoms before ED presentation was 3·3 days with RSV and 2·8 days with HMPV, and before hospital admission was 4·5 days with RSV and 3·5 days with HMPV. The annual hospitalization and ED visit rates were similar for RSV and HMPV. The hospitalization rate associated with each virus was about 10 per 10 000 persons aged ≥50 years; ED rates were approximately 2 times higher. Hospitalization rates were about 2 per 10 000 persons aged 18-49 years, with ED rates 5-6 times higher.
CONCLUSION
RSV and MPV are associated with substantial disease in adults, with hospitalization and ED visits rates increasing with age.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospitalization; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Middle Aged; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Tennessee; Young Adult
PubMed: 24512531
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12234 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2006Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, but the aetiology of many ARTIs is still unknown. In... (Review)
Review
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, but the aetiology of many ARTIs is still unknown. In 2001, researchers in The Netherlands reported the discovery of a previously unidentified pathogen called human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Since its initial description, hMPV has been associated with ARTI in Europe (Italy, France, Spain, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Finland and Norway), America (the USA, Canada, Argentina and Brazil), Asia (India, Japan, China and Singapore), Australia and South Africa in individuals of all ages. The incidence of infection varies from 1.5% to 25%, indicating that hMPV is a ubiquitous virus with a worldwide distribution. hMPV seems to play an important role as a cause of paediatric upper and lower respiratory tract infection, with similar, but not identical, epidemiological and clinical features to those of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. Moreover, the socio-economic impact of hMPV-infected children on their families seems to be considerable, which suggests that, like influenza virus, hMPV infection may be a substantial public health problem for the community. It may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in pre-term infants and children with underlying clinical conditions, although more adequately controlled studies are needed to confirm its importance in such patients. Many fundamental questions concerning the pathogenesis of hMPV disease and the host's specific immune response remain to be answered. Further studies are also required to properly define hMPV diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies.
Topics: Animals; Child; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 16524405
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01325.x -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Jun 2017Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a... (Review)
Review
Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Areas covered: We present a composite clinical score allowing individual patient data analyses of disease severity based on systematic literature review and WHO-criteria for uncomplicated and complicated disease. The 22-item ViVI Disease Severity Score showed a normal distribution in a pediatric cohort of 6073 children aged 0-18 years (mean age 3.13; S.D. 3.89; range: 0 to 18.79). Expert commentary: The ViVI Score was correlated with risk of antibiotic use as well as need for hospitalization and intensive care. The ViVI Score was used to track children with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections and is fully compliant with regulatory data standards. The ViVI Disease Severity Score mobile application allows physicians to measure disease severity at the point-of care thereby taking clinical trials to the next level.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Infant; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Male; Metapneumovirus; Mobile Applications; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 28277820
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847 -
Intervirology 2021We investigated the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among patients with acute respiratory infections in Bulgaria, and performed genetic characterization of...
INTRODUCTION
We investigated the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among patients with acute respiratory infections in Bulgaria, and performed genetic characterization of the F gene of these strains.
METHODS
Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients of a range of ages were tested by using real-time PCR for 12 respiratory viruses. The F gene was sequenced, and phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the F gene/protein were performed.
RESULTS
A total of 1,842 patients were examined during a 3-year period; 1,229 patients (66.7%) were positive for at least one respiratory virus. hMPV was identified in 83 (4.5%) patient samples. Eleven (13%) of hMPV-positive patients were coinfected with another respiratory virus. The hMPV incidence rate in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019 winter seasons was 5.4, 5.4, and 3.1%, respectively. hMPV was mainly detected in specimens collected between January and May (89.2% of cases). The incidence of hMPV infection was highest (5.1%) among the youngest age-group (0-4 years), where hMPV was a causative agent in 8.1 and 4.8% of bronchiolitis and pneumonia cases, respectively. Among the patients aged ≥5 years, hMPV was detected in 2.2 and 3.2% of cases of pneumonia and central nervous system infections, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the F gene showed that the sequenced hMPV strains belonged to the A2b, B1, and B2 genotypes. Numerous amino acid substitutions were identified compared with the NL00/1 prototype strain.
CONCLUSION
This study revealed the significant role of hMPV as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, and also demonstrated year-to-year changes in hMPV prevalence and genetic diversity in circulating strains.
Topics: Bulgaria; Child, Preschool; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 34304230
DOI: 10.1159/000516821 -
Cancer Letters Aug 2016Over the past decade, reported incidence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has increased owing to the use of molecular assays for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections... (Review)
Review
Over the past decade, reported incidence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has increased owing to the use of molecular assays for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in cancer patients. The seasonality of these infections, differences in sampling strategies across institutions, and small sample size of published studies make it difficult to appreciate the true incidence and impact of hMPV infections. In this systematic review, we summarized the published data on hMPV infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancy, focusing on incidence, hMPV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), mortality, prevention, and management with ribavirin and/or intravenous immunoglobulins. Although the incidence of hMPV infections and hMPV-associated LRTI in this patient population is similar to respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus and despite lack of directed antiviral therapy, the mortality rate remains low unless patients develop LRTI. In the absence of vaccine to prevent hMPV, infection control measures are recommended to reduce its burden in cancer patients.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Incidence; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27260872
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.035 -
Viruses Dec 2012Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens.... (Review)
Review
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens. Epidemiological studies indicate that hMPV is a significant human respiratory pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is associated with respiratory illnesses in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Interferon (IFN) represents a major line of defense against virus infection, and in response, viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit IFN production as well as IFN signaling. Although the strategies of IFN evasion are similar, the specific mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses inhibit IFN responses are quite diverse. In this review, we will present an overview of the strategies that hMPV uses to subvert cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells, the major target of infection, as well as in primary immune cells.
Topics: Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Interferons; Metapneumovirus; Viral Proteins; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 23223197
DOI: 10.3390/v4123551 -
Viruses Mar 2023In poultry, several respiratory viral infections lead to a drop in egg production associated with high economic losses. While the virus-host interactions at the...
In poultry, several respiratory viral infections lead to a drop in egg production associated with high economic losses. While the virus-host interactions at the respiratory epithelium are well studied, less is known about these interactions in the oviduct. To investigate possible differences between virus infections at these epithelial structures, we compared the interactions of two important poultry viruses on turkey organ cultures. Two members of the order Mononegavirales, the Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) and the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were selected to conduct the in vitro experiments since these viruses can infect both the trachea and oviduct. In addition, we used different strains of these viruses, a subtype A and a subtype B strain for AMPV and the NDV strains Komarow and Herts'33, to detect possible differences not only between the tissues but also between different viral strains. Turkey tracheal and oviduct organ cultures (TOC and OOC) were prepared to investigate viral replication, antigen localisation, lesion development, and the expression pattern of interferon-λ and importin-α isoforms. All viruses replicated more efficiently in the oviduct than in the tracheal epithelium ( < 0.05). In addition, we observed higher expression levels of both, IFN-λ and importin-α in OOCs compared to TOCs. Our results indicated strain-dependent differences, with the AMPV-B- and Herts'33 strains being more virulent in organ cultures than the AMPV-A- and Komarow strains, based on the higher viral genome loads, more severe histological lesions, and higher upregulation of IFN-λ. Overall, our findings reveal tissue- and virus strain-dependent differences, which may have consequences for disease development in the host tissue and, subsequently, possible treatment strategies.
Topics: Animals; Metapneumovirus; Newcastle disease virus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; alpha Karyopherins; Newcastle Disease; Turkeys; Interferon Lambda; Poultry Diseases; Chickens
PubMed: 37112886
DOI: 10.3390/v15040907