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Multi-Phase Flow Metering in Offshore Oil and Gas Transportation Pipelines: Trends and Perspectives.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) May 2019Multi-phase flow meters are of huge importance to the offshore oil and gas industry. Unreliable measurements can lead to many disadvantages and even wrong... (Review)
Review
Multi-phase flow meters are of huge importance to the offshore oil and gas industry. Unreliable measurements can lead to many disadvantages and even wrong decision-making. It is especially important for mature reservoirs as the gas volume fraction and water cut is increasing during the lifetime of a well. Hence, it is essential to accurately monitor the multi-phase flow of oil, water and gas inside the transportation pipelines. The objective of this review paper is to present the current trends and technologies within multi-phase flow measurements and to introduce the most promising methods based on parameters such as accuracy, footprint, safety, maintenance and calibration. Typical meters, such as tomography, gamma densitometry and virtual flow meters are described and compared based on their performance with respect to multi-phase flow measurements. Both experimental prototypes and commercial solutions are presented and evaluated. For a non-intrusive, non-invasive and inexpensive meter solution, this review paper predicts a progress for virtual flow meters in the near future. The application of multi-phase flows meters are expected to further expand in the future as fields are maturing, thus, efficient utilization of existing fields are in focus, to decide if a field is still financially profitable.
PubMed: 31083516
DOI: 10.3390/s19092184 -
Data in Brief Feb 2024The data presented were sourced from 34,884 commercial smart heat meters and 10,765 commercial smart water meters, spanning a timeframe of up to 5 years (2018-2022). All...
The data presented were sourced from 34,884 commercial smart heat meters and 10,765 commercial smart water meters, spanning a timeframe of up to 5 years (2018-2022). All data primarily originated from single-family houses in Aalborg Municipality, Denmark. Furthermore, comprehensive building characteristics were collected for each building, where available, from the Danish Building and Dwelling Register (BBR) and Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) input data. This effort yielded an extensive pool of up to 86 distinct characteristics per building. All smart meter data were processed employing a well-established methodology, resulting in equidistant hourly data without any erroneous or missing values. The building characteristics derived from the EPCs were additionally filtered using rule sets to improve the data quality. This dataset holds substantial value for researchers involved in the domains of the built environment, district heating, and water sectors.
PubMed: 38235182
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109964 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Point-of-care (POC) glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) meters can potentially provide rapid insight into an elasmobranch's metabolic state in clinical and field...
Point-of-care (POC) glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) meters can potentially provide rapid insight into an elasmobranch's metabolic state in clinical and field research settings. This study evaluated the diagnostic agreement of three commercial POC meters against reference laboratory methods for glucose and β-HB concentrations in stingrays. Blood was collected during anesthetized exams from 28 stingrays representing four species: cownose rays (), Atlantic stingrays (), southern stingrays (), and yellow stingrays (). Glucose and β-HB concentrations were measured with each POC meter using whole blood and plasma; in parallel, plasma glucose and β-HB concentrations were measured via reference laboratory methods. Agreement between POC meters and reference laboratory methods was assessed using Bland-Altman methods, Passing-Bablok regression, observed total error, percent relative error, and linear mixed effect models. Plasma glucose and β-HB concentrations determined by reference laboratory methods ranged from <20-63 mg/dL to 0.05-5.38 mmol/L, respectively. One human POC meter-the Precision Xtra-showed the greatest agreement with reference laboratory methods when measuring glucose with whole blood [mean bias and 95% CI: 0 (-3-4) mg/dL] and β-HB with plasma [mean bias and 95% CI: 0.1 (-0.04-0.2) mmol/L]. Stingray sex, weight, buffy coat, and packed cell volume did not significantly affect the agreement between POC meters and reference laboratory methods. Across all three POC meters, mean bias and imprecision for plasma β-HB concentrations were relatively small (0-0.1 mmol/L and 0%, respectively). Utilizing POC meters to measure glucose and β-HB in stingrays may be viable when reference methods are unavailable.
PubMed: 38173551
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1254340 -
Journal of Eye Movement Research 2020The present study investigates effects of conventionally metered and rhymed poetry on eyemovements in silent reading. Readers saw MRRL poems (i.e., metrically regular,...
The present study investigates effects of conventionally metered and rhymed poetry on eyemovements in silent reading. Readers saw MRRL poems (i.e., metrically regular, rhymed language) in two layouts. In poem layout, verse endings coincided with line breaks. In prose layout verse endings could be mid-line. We also added metrical and rhyme anomalies. We hypothesized that silently reading MRRL results in building up auditive expectations that are based on a rhythmic "audible gestalt" and propose that rhythmicity is generated through subvocalization. Our results revealed that readers were sensitive to rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies but showed differential effects in poem and prose layouts. Metrical anomalies in particular resulted in robust reading disruptions across a variety of eye-movement measures in the poem layout and caused re-reading of the local context. Rhyme anomalies elicited stronger effects in prose layout and resulted in systematic re-reading of pre-rhymes. The presence or absence of rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies, as well as the layout manipulation, also affected reading in general. Effects of syllable number indicated a high degree of subvocalization. The overall pattern of results suggests that eye-movements reflect, and are closely aligned with, the rhythmic subvocalization of MRRL. This study introduces a two-stage approach to the analysis of long MRRL stimuli and contributes to the discussion of how the processing of rhythm in music and speech may overlap.
PubMed: 34729131
DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.3.5 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020To produce enough food, smallholder farmers in developing countries apply fertilizer nitrogen (N) to cereals, sometimes even more than the local recommendations. During... (Review)
Review
To produce enough food, smallholder farmers in developing countries apply fertilizer nitrogen (N) to cereals, sometimes even more than the local recommendations. During the last two decades, hand-held chlorophyll meters and canopy reflectance sensors, which can detect the N needs of the crop based on transmission and reflectance properties of leaves through proximal sensing, have been studied as tools for optimizing crop N status in cereals in developing countries. This review aims to describe the outcome of these studies. Chlorophyll meters are used to manage fertilizer N to maintain a threshold leaf chlorophyll content throughout the cropping season. Despite greater reliability of the sufficiency index approach, the fixed threshold chlorophyll content approach has been investigated more for using chlorophyll meters in rice and wheat. GreenSeeker and Crop Circle crop reflectance sensors take into account both N status and biomass of the crop to estimate additional fertilizer N requirement but only a few studies have been carried out in developing countries to develop N management strategies in rice, wheat and maize. Both chlorophyll meters and canopy reflectance sensors can increase fertilizer N use efficiency by reduction of N rates. Dedicated economic analysis of the proximal sensing strategies for managing fertilizer N in cereals in developing countries is not adequately available.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Chlorophyll; Developing Countries; Edible Grain; Farms; Fertilizers; Nitrogen
PubMed: 32092989
DOI: 10.3390/s20041127 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Guided acoustic waves are commonly used in domestic water meters to measure the flow rate. The accuracy of this measurement method is affected by factors such as...
Guided acoustic waves are commonly used in domestic water meters to measure the flow rate. The accuracy of this measurement method is affected by factors such as variations in temperature and limescale deposition inside of the pipe. In this work, a new approach using signals from different sound propagation paths is used to determine these quantities and allow for subsequent compensation. This method evaluates the different propagation times of guided Lamb waves in flow measurement applications. A finite element method-based model is used to identify the calibration curves for the device under test. The simulated dependencies on temperature and layer thickness are validated by experimental data. Finally, a test on simulated data with varying temperatures and limescale depositions proves that this method can be used to separate both effects. Based on these values, a flow measurement correction scheme can be derived that provides an improved resolution of guided acoustic wave-based flow meters.
Topics: Acoustics; Body Temperature; Sound; Temperature; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 36081105
DOI: 10.3390/s22176648 -
Behavior Research Methods Apr 2023Surveys are a fundamental tool of empirical research, but they suffer from errors: in particular, respondents can have difficulties recalling information of interest to...
Surveys are a fundamental tool of empirical research, but they suffer from errors: in particular, respondents can have difficulties recalling information of interest to researchers. Recent technological developments offer new opportunities to collect data passively (i.e., without participant's intervention), avoiding recall errors. One of these opportunities is registering online behaviors (e.g., visited URLs) through tracking software ("meter") voluntarily installed by a sample of individuals on their browsing devices. Nevertheless, metered data are also affected by errors and only cover part of the objective information, while subjective information is not directly observable. Asking participants about such missing information by means of web surveys conducted in the moment an event of interest is detected by the meter has the potential to fill the gap. However, this method requires participants to be willing to participate. This paper explores the willingness to participate in in-the-moment web surveys triggered by online activities recorded by a participant-installed meter. A conjoint experiment implemented in an opt-in metered panel in Spain reveals overall high levels of willingness to participate among panelists already sharing metered data, ranging from 69% to 95%. The main aspects affecting this willingness are related to the incentive levels offered. Limited differences across participants are observed, except for household size and education. Answers to open questions also confirm that the incentive is the key driver of the decision to participate, whereas other potential problematic aspects such as the limited time to participate, privacy concerns, and discomfort caused by being interrupted play a limited role.
Topics: Internet; Surveys and Questionnaires; Behavior; Spain; Volunteers; Motivation; Educational Status; Family Characteristics; Privacy; Humans; Time Factors; Software; Reproducibility of Results; Citizen Science; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Personality; Attitude
PubMed: 35641681
DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01872-x -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Jan 2010The objective of this study was to understand the level of performance of blood glucose monitors as assessed in the published literature. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to understand the level of performance of blood glucose monitors as assessed in the published literature.
METHODS
Medline from January 2000 to October 2009 and reference lists of included articles were searched to identify eligible studies. Key information was abstracted from eligible studies: blood glucose meters tested, blood sample, meter operators, setting, sample of people (number, diabetes type, age, sex, and race), duration of diabetes, years using a glucose meter, insulin use, recommendations followed, performance evaluation measures, and specific factors affecting the accuracy evaluation of blood glucose monitors.
RESULTS
Thirty-one articles were included in this review. Articles were categorized as review articles of blood glucose accuracy (6 articles), original studies that reported the performance of blood glucose meters in laboratory settings (14 articles) or clinical settings (9 articles), and simulation studies (2 articles). A variety of performance evaluation measures were used in the studies. The authors did not identify any studies that demonstrated a difference in clinical outcomes. Examples of analytical tools used in the description of accuracy (e.g., correlation coefficient, linear regression equations, and International Organization for Standardization standards) and how these traditional measures can complicate the achievement of target blood glucose levels for the patient were presented. The benefits of using error grid analysis to quantify the clinical accuracy of patient-determined blood glucose values were discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
When examining blood glucose monitor performance in the real world, it is important to consider if an improvement in analytical accuracy would lead to improved clinical outcomes for patients. There are several examples of how analytical tools used in the description of self-monitoring of blood glucose accuracy could be irrelevant to treatment decisions.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Diabetes Complications; Diagnostic Equipment; Efficiency; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Monitoring, Ambulatory
PubMed: 20167171
DOI: 10.1177/193229681000400111 -
Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports 2018The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the evaluation and measurement of urinary urgency and bladder sensation.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the evaluation and measurement of urinary urgency and bladder sensation.
RECENT FINDINGS
New technologies have been developed to improve our diagnostic capabilities in urinary urgency and bladder sensation. Recent developments include MRI-based neuroimaging and novel tablet-based sensation meters that can be used during urodynamics as well as during oral hydration.
SUMMARY
Commonly used metrics for urinary urgency and bladder sensation include the use of validated surveys/void diaries and standardized verbal sensory thresholds during urodynamics. However, these metrics are highly subjective and prone to significant bias. There has been an evolution in evaluation metrics ranging from the use of reflex testing to electrical perception testing to the use of neuroimaging and the development of sensation meters. Neuroimaging allows for mapping of specific brain areas involved in the different phases of voiding and provides an anatomic basis for different forms of overactive bladder. The sensation meter allows for generation of real-time sensation-capacity curves which enables easy and objective comparison between patients as well as potential sub-typing of different forms of overactive bladder. In addition, new research supports the concept of differing forms of urgency and the use of novel patient-derived terminologies for urinary urgency and bladder sensation.
PubMed: 31819779
DOI: 10.1007/s11884-018-0474-3 -
Journal of Diabetes Science and... Mar 2013Blood glucose (BG) meters used for assisted monitoring of blood glucose (AMBG) require different attributes compared with meters designed for home use. These include... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Blood glucose (BG) meters used for assisted monitoring of blood glucose (AMBG) require different attributes compared with meters designed for home use. These include safety considerations (i.e., minimized risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission), capability for testing multiple blood sample types, and enhanced performance specifications. The OneTouch® Verio™Pro+ BG meter is designed to incorporate all of these attributes.
METHODS
Meter accuracy was assessed in clinical studies with arterial, venous, and capillary blood samples with a hematocrit range of 22.9-59.8%. The effect of interferents, including anticoagulants, on accuracy was evaluated. The meter disinfection protocol was validated, and instructions for use and user acceptance of the system were assessed.
RESULTS
A total of 97% (549/566) of BG measures from all blood sample types and 95.5% (191/200) of arterial blood samples were within ±12 mg/dl or 12.5% of reference measurements. The system was unaffected by 4 anticoagulants and 57 of 59 endogenous and exogenous compounds; it was affected by 2 compounds: pralidoxime iodide and xylose. Bleach wipes were sufficient to disinfect the meter. Users felt that the meter's quality control (QC) prompts would help them to comply with regulatory requirements.
CONCLUSION
The meter provided accurate measurements of different blood samples over a wide hematocrit range and was not affected by 57 physiologic and therapeutic compounds. The QC prompts and specific infection-mitigating design further aid to make this meter system practical for AMBG in care facilities.
Topics: Arteries; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Blood-Borne Pathogens; Capillaries; Disinfection; Hematocrit; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Point-of-Care Systems; Veins
PubMed: 23566997
DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700215