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Acta Oto-laryngologica Nov 2010It is suggested that TRPV1, 2, 3, and 4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 may play several roles in the olfactory epithelium (OE), contributing to olfactory chemosensation,...
Expression of transient receptor potential channel vanilloid (TRPV) 1–4, melastin (TRPM) 5 and 8, and ankyrin (TRPA1) in the normal and methimazole-treated mouse olfactory epithelium.
CONCLUSION
It is suggested that TRPV1, 2, 3, and 4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 may play several roles in the olfactory epithelium (OE), contributing to olfactory chemosensation, olfactory adaptation, olfactory–trigeminal interaction, and OE fluid homeostasis. In patients with olfactory disturbance, TRPV1 and TRPM8 may be closely related to a high rate of recognition of curry and menthol odors, while TRPV2 may also play a crucial role in the regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons.
OBJECTIVE
Expression of TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 in the normal and methimazole-treated mouse OE was analyzed.
METHODS
The localization of TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1 in the OE of normal and methimazole-treated CBA/J mice was investigated by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
Normal OE showed a positive immunofluorescent reaction to TRPV1–4, TRPM5 and 8, and TRPA1. In lamina propria, the nerve fibers displayed TRPV 1, 2, and 3, TRPM8 and TRPA1. In the pathological condition, the expression of TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM5, and TRPA1 was markedly reduced and took a long time to recover. In contrast, expression of TRPM8 was scarcely affected, even in the pathological condition, while TRPV1 and TRPV2 showed early recovery following methimazole treatment.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Channels; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Methimazole; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Olfactory Mucosa; Reference Values; TRPA1 Cation Channel; TRPM Cation Channels; TRPV Cation Channels; Tissue Distribution; Transient Receptor Potential Channels
PubMed: 20586674
DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2010.489573 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Nov 2022To investigate the incidence rate of adverse reactions of methimazole in children with hyperthyroidism.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the incidence rate of adverse reactions of methimazole in children with hyperthyroidism.
METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 304 children with hyperthyroidism who were hospitalized in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2015 to May 2021. The incidence rate of methimazole-related adverse reactions was analyzed. The risk factors for common adverse reactions were evaluated.
RESULTS
Among the 304 children, 87 (28.6%) experienced adverse reactions, among whom there were 20 boys (23%) and 67 girls (77%). Common adverse reactions included neutropenia (12.8%), rash (11.8%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (9.5%), and joint pain (3.0%), and some children experienced multiple adverse reactions simultaneously or intermittently. Neutropenia often occurred within 3 months after administration (25/39, 64%), elevated alanine aminotransferase often occurred within 1 month after administration (17/29, 59%), and rash often occurred within 3 months after administration (30/36, 83%). Most of the above adverse reactions returned to normal after symptomatic treatment. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age and lower absolute neutrophil count before treatment were risk factors for neutropenia after methimazole treatment (<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The adverse reactions of methimazole are common in children with hyperthyroidism, and most adverse reactions occur within 3 months after administration and can be relieved after symptomatic treatment. Children with a younger age or a lower baseline absolute neutrophil count may have a higher risk of neutropenia.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Methimazole; Antithyroid Agents; Retrospective Studies; Alanine Transaminase; Hyperthyroidism; Neutropenia; Exanthema
PubMed: 36398552
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2205022 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The -glycome of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant glycoprotein in human blood serum, reflects pathological conditions of autoimmunity and is sensitive to...
Changes of IgG -Glycosylation in Thyroid Autoimmunity: The Modulatory Effect of Methimazole in Graves' Disease and the Association With the Severity of Inflammation in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
The -glycome of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant glycoprotein in human blood serum, reflects pathological conditions of autoimmunity and is sensitive to medicines applied in disease therapy. Due to the high sensitivity of -glycosylation, the IgG -glycan profile may serve as an indicator of an ongoing inflammatory process. The IgG structure and its effector functions are strongly dependent on the composition of -glycans attached to the Fc fragment, and the binding of antigens is regulated by Fab sugar moieties. Because of the crucial role of -glycans in IgG function, remodeling of its -oligosaccharides can induce pathological changes that ultimately contribute to the development of autoimmunity; restoration of their physiological structure is critical to the reduction of disease symptoms. Our recently published data have shown that the pathology of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), is accompanied by alterations of the composition of IgG -glycans. The present study is a more in-depth investigation of IgG glycosylation in both AITDs, designed to determine the relationship between the severity of thyroid inflammation and IgG -glycan structures in HT, and to assess the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on the -glycan profile in GD patients. The study material consisted of human serum samples collected from donors with elevated anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) and/or anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) IgGs without symptoms of hypothyroidism (n=68), HT patients characterized by high autoantibody titers and advanced destruction of the thyroid gland (n=113), GD patients with up-regulated IgG against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) before (n=62) and after (n=47) stabilization of TSH level as a result of methimazole therapy (study groups), and healthy donors (control group, n=90). IgG was isolated from blood serum using protein G affinity chromatography. -glycans were released from IgG by PNGase F digestion and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) after 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) labeling. UPLC-MS chromatograms were integrated into 25 peaks (GP) in the Waters UNIFI Scientific Information System, and -glycans were assigned based on the glucose unit values and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the detected ions. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to determine the statistical significance of the results (p<0.05). The obtained results suggest that modifications of IgG sialylation, galactosylation and core-fucosylation are associated with the severity of HT symptoms. Methimazole therapy implemented in GD patients affected the IgG -glycan profile; as a result, the content of the sialylated and galactosylated oligosaccharides with core fucose differed after treatment. Our results suggest that -glycosylation of IgG undergoes dynamic changes during the intensification of thyroiditis in HT, and that in GD autoimmunity it is affected significantly by immunosuppressive therapy.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Chromatography, Liquid; Glycosylation; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Inflammation; Methimazole; Polysaccharides; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Thyroiditis
PubMed: 35370997
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841710 -
Birth Defects Research. Part B,... Aug 2014Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are antithyroid drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism. Despite the widespread use of PTU and MMI during pregnancy, modest...
BACKGROUND
Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are antithyroid drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism. Despite the widespread use of PTU and MMI during pregnancy, modest clinical data and less animal data are available on the teratogenic potential of these drugs.
METHODS
We evaluated the teratogenicity of in utero exposure to PTU or MMI in mice and rats. First, pregnant C57Bl/6 mice were treated daily with PTU (10 or 100 mg/kg), MMI (2 or 20 mg/kg), or vehicle from gestation day (GD) 6 to 16. GD 18 fetuses were evaluated for gross and histopathological abnormalities. Next, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated daily with PTU (50 or 100 mg/kg), MMI (10 or 20 mg/kg), or vehicle from GD 6 to 19, followed by evaluation for gross and histopathological abnormalities at GD 20.
RESULTS
In mice treated with PTU or MMI, no significant histopathological abnormalities or external gross malformations, and no adverse effects on placental weight, litter size, resorption rates, or fetal weight were observed at GD 18. In rats, no adverse effects on litter size, placental weights, or maternal body weights were observed with either PTU or MMI treatment. PTU treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg) and MMI (10 mg/kg) treatment resulted in a decrease in crown-rump length in rat fetuses but no external gross malformations or histopathological abnormalities were observed.
CONCLUSION
We did not observe either gross external malformations or histopathological malformations in mice or rats treated long-term with high doses of PTU or MMI during pregnancy.
Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Methimazole; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Propylthiouracil; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Teratogens
PubMed: 24980470
DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21113 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Jul 2010
Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Humans; Methimazole; Propylthiouracil
PubMed: 20610609
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1141 -
BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology Mar 2017Adverse reactions associated to anti-thyroid drugs include fever, rash, arthralgia, agranulocytosis and hepatitis that are thought to be hypersensitivity reactions. Five...
BACKGROUND
Adverse reactions associated to anti-thyroid drugs include fever, rash, arthralgia, agranulocytosis and hepatitis that are thought to be hypersensitivity reactions. Five cases of pleural effusion associated to thionamides have also been reported, two with propylthiouracil and three with carbimazole.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report here a case of a 75-year-old man admitted because of unilateral pleural effusion. The patient had a recent diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and 6 days after starting methimazole complained of pleuritic chest pain. He had elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and normal white blood cell count and liver enzymes. Chest radiography showed a moderate right pleural effusion and the ultrasound revealed a loculated effusion that was shown to be an eosinophilic exudate.
CONCLUSIONS
The temporal relationship between methimazole intake and the development of pleural effusion combined with the extensive exclusion of alternative causes, namely infectious, neoplastic and primary auto-immune diseases, led to the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reaction to methimazole. The thionamide was stopped and corticosteroid was started with complete resolution of the pleural effusion in 3 months. Awareness of this rare adverse reaction of anti-thyroid drugs is important and methimazole can be added to the list of possible etiologies of drug-induced eosinophilic pleural effusion.
Topics: Aged; Antithyroid Agents; Eosinophils; Humans; Male; Methimazole; Pleural Effusion
PubMed: 28320470
DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0121-1 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jan 1987Propylthiouracil and methimazole are frequently used in the management of hyperthyroidism. Two patients in whom adverse immunologic effects other than isolated... (Review)
Review
Propylthiouracil and methimazole are frequently used in the management of hyperthyroidism. Two patients in whom adverse immunologic effects other than isolated agranulocytosis developed during treatment with propylthiouracil are described. A review of the literature revealed 53 similar cases over a 35-year period. Rash, fever, arthralgias and granulocytopenia were the most common manifestations. Vasculitis, particularly with cutaneous manifestations, occurs and may be fatal. The clinical evidence suggests that an immunologic mechanism is involved. A number of different autoantibodies were reported, but antinuclear antibodies were infrequent, and none of the cases met the criteria for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thus, the reactions do not represent a true drug-induced lupus syndrome. Current hypotheses and experimental data regarding the cause of the reactions are reviewed. No specific clinical subgroup at high risk can be identified, and manifestations may occur at any dosage and at any time during therapy. Cross-reactivity between the two antithyroid drugs can be expected. Except for minor symptoms (e.g., mild arthralgias or transient rash), such reactions are an indication for withdrawal of the drug and the use of alternative methods to control the hyperthyroidism. In rare cases of severe vasculitis a short course of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy may be helpful.
Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Antibody Formation; Cross Reactions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Immunity, Cellular; Methimazole; Middle Aged; Propylthiouracil
PubMed: 3539299
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine Sep 2020Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overreactive and produces excess amounts of thyroid hormone. Tripterygium glycosides, traditional Chinese... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overreactive and produces excess amounts of thyroid hormone. Tripterygium glycosides, traditional Chinese medicine has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, hyperthyroidism and other diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Evidence-based research is becoming popular especially with the application of Chinese traditional medicine. This paper systematically reviews and evaluates existing clinical data on the efficacy and safety of Tripterygium glycosides in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane library and EMBase, Chinese biomedical literature database (CBM), Chinese journal full-text database (CNKI), Wan fang digital periodical full-text database and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) were searched based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction, research quality assessment and meta-analysis were conducted with RevMan5.3 software. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to evaluate information size and treatment benefits.
RESULTS
Seventeen randomized controlled clinical trials with 1536 participants were included in the systematic review. In the meta-analysis, there were two subgroups: Tripterygium glycosides combined with thiamazole and prednisone group; Tripterygium glycosides combined with thiamazole group. The study results revealed that the degree of exophthalmos, FT3, FT4, BGP, and AKP decreased while TSH, SOD, GSH-PX increased after the addition of Tripterygium glycosides. This study results suggested that Tripterygium glycosides combined with western medicine are an effective therapy for hyperthyroidism.
CONCLUSION
This study indicates that Tripterygium glycosides enhances the effect of thiamazole and prednisone in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and without increasing the risk of adverse events.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glycosides; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Methimazole; Prednisone; Tripterygium
PubMed: 32957384
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022282 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Nov 2016
Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cat Diseases; Cats; Electrocardiography; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Methimazole; Pacemaker, Artificial
PubMed: 27767422
DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.9.1017 -
Medicine Dec 2017Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is an uncommon disorder characterized by hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia related to insulin-binding autoantibodies. To the best of our... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is an uncommon disorder characterized by hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia related to insulin-binding autoantibodies. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of a pregnant female with IAS.
PATIENT CONCERNS
The 26-year-old patient with Graves disease and 10 weeks pregnant developed IAS after approximately 6 months treatment with methimazole. The patient exhibited recurrent spontaneous hypoglycemia.
DIAGNOSES
On evaluation, laboratory findings detected both high fasting insulin (>1000 mIU/L) and insulin autoantibodies. An oral glucose tolerance test showed elevated insulin concentrations with disproportionately elevated C-peptide levels. The imaging study showed nomasslesionsinthepancreas,and the patient was clinically diagnosed with IAS.
INTERVENTIONS
The patient had an abortion, discontinued methimazole and switched to oral prednisone (30 mg once daily) and propylth- iouracil (100 mg 3 times daily) for 3 months.
OUTCOMES
At the 3-month follow-up visit, hypoglycemic episodes had disappeared and insulin antibody levels were no longer detectable.
LESSONS
We have described this case and reviewed the relevant literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of IAS. Importantly, this case indicates that clinicians should view pregnancy as another factor of hypoglycemia in IAS.
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gestational Age; Graves Disease; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Antibodies; Methimazole; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rare Diseases; Risk Assessment; Syndrome
PubMed: 29390469
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009213