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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Metronidazole (MET) is a commonly detected contaminant in the environment. The compound is classified as poorly biodegradable and highly soluble in water. Heterogeneous...
Metronidazole (MET) is a commonly detected contaminant in the environment. The compound is classified as poorly biodegradable and highly soluble in water. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most promoted water purification method due to the possibility of using sunlight and small amounts of a catalyst needed for the process. The aim of this study was to select conditions for photocatalytic removal of metronidazole from aquatic samples. The effect of catalyst type, mass, and irradiance intensity on the efficiency of metronidazole removal was determined. For this purpose, TiO, ZnO, ZrO, WO, PbS, and their mixtures in a mass ratio of 1:1 were used. In this study, the transformation products formed were identified, and the mineralization degree of compound was determined. The efficiency of metronidazole removal depending on the type of catalyst was in the range of 50-95%. The highest MET conversion (95%) combined with a high degree of mineralization (70.3%) was obtained by using a mixture of 12.5 g TiO-P25 + PbS (1:1; /) and running the process for 60 min at an irradiance of 1000 W m. Four MET degradation products were identified by untargeted analysis, formed by the rearrangement of the metronidazole and the C-C bond breaking.
Topics: Catalysis; Metronidazole; Photochemical Processes; Water Purification
PubMed: 34946687
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247612 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023Antibiotics have become a new kind of organic pollutant as they are widely used in the water environment of China. Tetracycline (TC) is a class of broad-spectrum...
Antibiotics have become a new kind of organic pollutant as they are widely used in the water environment of China. Tetracycline (TC) is a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics produced or semi-synthesized by actinomycetes. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the first generation of typical nitroimidazoles. The content of nitroimidazoles is relatively high in medical wastewater, and their ecotoxicity is worthy of attention because they are difficult to completely eliminate. In this paper, the effects of TC and MTZ on the growth, cell morphology, extracellular polymer and oxidative stress of () were studied, and the toxic interactions between TC and MTZ mixture components were analyzed. The results showed that the 96h-EC of TC and MTZ was 8.72 mg/L and 45.125 mg/L, respectively. The toxicity of TC to was higher than that of MTZ, and the combined toxicity effect of TC and MTZ was synergistic after the combined action of a 1:1 toxicity ratio. In addition, the algal cells of died to varying degrees, the membrane permeability of algal cells was increased, the membrane was damaged, the surface of algal cells exposed to higher concentration of pollutants was wrinkled, and their morphology was changed. The extracellular polymer of was affected by a change in concentration. The effect of pollutants on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of also had an obvious dose-effect relationship. This study contributes to the assessment of the possible ecological risks to green algae due to the presence of TC and MTZ in aquatic environments.
Topics: Metronidazole; Chlorella; Tetracycline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlorophyll; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36834317
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043623 -
Nature Communications Jul 2023Severe outbreaks and deaths have been linked to the emergence and global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant Clostridioides difficile over the past two decades. At the...
Severe outbreaks and deaths have been linked to the emergence and global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant Clostridioides difficile over the past two decades. At the same time, metronidazole, a nitro-containing antibiotic, has shown decreasing clinical efficacy in treating C. difficile infection (CDI). Most metronidazole-resistant C. difficile exhibit an unusual resistance phenotype that can only be detected in susceptibility tests using molecularly intact heme. Here, we describe the mechanism underlying this trait. We find that most metronidazole-resistant C. difficile strains carry a T-to-G mutation (which we term PnimB) in the promoter of gene nimB, resulting in constitutive transcription. Silencing or deleting nimB eliminates metronidazole resistance. NimB is related to Nim proteins that are known to confer resistance to nitroimidazoles. We show that NimB is a heme-dependent flavin enzyme that degrades nitroimidazoles to amines lacking antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, occurrence of the PnimB mutation is associated with a Thr82Ile substitution in DNA gyrase that confers fluoroquinolone resistance in epidemic strains. Our findings suggest that the pandemic of fluoroquinolone-resistant C. difficile occurring over the past few decades has also been characterized by widespread resistance to metronidazole.
Topics: Metronidazole; Clostridioides difficile; Fluoroquinolones; Nitroimidazoles; Clostridioides; Heme; Pandemics
PubMed: 37438331
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39429-x -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2011Vaginitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. Trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Vaginitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. Trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not clearly established whether it causes preterm birth and other pregnancy complications.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to assess the effects of various treatments for trichomoniasis during pregnancy.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (14 January 2011).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized trials comparing anti-trichomonas agents during pregnancy. Trials including symptomatic or asymptomatic women with trichomoniasis were eligible.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors assessed eligibility and trial quality.
MAIN RESULTS
We included two trials with 842 pregnant women. In both trials around 90% of women were cleared of trichomonas in the vagina after treatment. In the US trial, women with asymptomatic trichomoniasis between 16 and 23 weeks were treated with metronidazole on two occasions at least two weeks apart. The trial was stopped before reaching its target recruitment because metronidazole was not effective in reducing preterm birth and there was a likelihood of harm (risk ratio 1.78; 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.66). The South African trial recruited women later in pregnancy and did not have the design and power to address adverse clinical outcomes. We excluded two recent studies, identified for the current update, because they did not address the primary question.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Metronidazole, given as a single dose, is likely to provide parasitological cure for trichomoniasis, but it is not known whether this treatment will have any effect on pregnancy outcomes. The cure rate could probably be higher if more partners used the treatment.
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Trichomonas Vaginitis
PubMed: 21563127
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000220.pub2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite . This disease is one of the leading causes of diarrhea globally, affecting largely... (Review)
Review
Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite . This disease is one of the leading causes of diarrhea globally, affecting largely impoverished residents in developing countries. Amebiasis also remains one of the top causes of gastrointestinal diseases in returning international travellers. Despite having many side effects, metronidazole remains the drug of choice as an amebicidal tissue-active agent. However, emergence of metronidazole resistance in pathogens having similar anaerobic metabolism and also in laboratory strains of has necessitated the identification and development of new drug targets and therapeutic strategies against the parasite. Recent research in the field of amebiasis has led to a better understanding of the parasite's metabolic and cellular pathways and hence has been useful in identifying new drug targets. On the other hand, new molecules effective against amebiasis have been mined by modifying available compounds, thereby increasing their potency and efficacy and also by repurposing existing approved drugs. This review aims at compiling and examining up to date information on promising drug targets and drug molecules for the treatment of amebiasis.
Topics: Amebiasis; Drug Development; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Humans; Metronidazole
PubMed: 33718258
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.628257 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2013
Topics: Aged; Brain Diseases; Female; Humans; Metronidazole
PubMed: 23545693
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.52.9496 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common infection of the lower reproductive tract among women of reproductive age, characterized by a depletion of health-associated...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common infection of the lower reproductive tract among women of reproductive age, characterized by a depletion of health-associated and an overgrowth of anaerobes. Metronidazole has been recommended as a first-line therapy for treating BV for decades. Although most cases are cured by the treatment, recurrent infections of BV seriously affect women's reproductive health. Until now, limited information on the vaginal microbiota has been explored at the species level. Here, we adopted a single molecular sequencing approach for the 16S rRNA gene, named FLAST (full-length assembly sequencing technology), to analyze the human vaginal microbiota that improved species-level resolution for taxonomy and identified microbiota alterations in the vaginal tract in response to treatment with metronidazole. Appling high-throughput sequencing, we identified 96 and 189 novel full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences in and , respectively, which had not previously been reported in vaginal samples. Moreover, we found that Lactobacillus iners was significantly enriched in the cured group before metronidazole treatment, and that was maintained in a high frequency after the treatment, suggesting an important role for this species in response to metronidazole treatment. Our research also highlights the importance of the single-molecule paradigm for progressing the field of microbiology and applying these insights to better understand the dynamic microbiota during BV treatment. Subsequent novel treatment approaches should be proposed to improve BV treatment outcomes, optimize the vaginal microbiome, and reduce gynecological and obstetric sequelae. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common infectious disease of the reproductive tract. Metronidazole treatment, as the first line of treatment, frequently fails at recovery of the microbiome. However, the precise types of and other bacteria involved in BV remain unclear, and this has resulted in a failure to identify potential markers to predict clinic outcomes. In this study, we adopted a 16S rRNA gene full-length assembly sequencing technology for the taxonomy analysis and evaluation of vaginal microbiota before and after treatment with metronidazole. We additionally identified 96 and 189 novel 16S rRNA gene sequences in and species, respectively, in vaginal samples, which improves our understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Moreover, we found that the abundance of Lactobacillus iners and Prevotella bivia before treatment was associated with a lack of cure. These potential biomarkers will help to facilitate future studies aimed at improving BV treatment outcomes, optimize the vaginal microbiome, and reduce adverse sexual and reproductive outcomes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Vaginosis, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vagina; Microbiota; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 37199621
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01706-22 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Sep 1981
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Humans; Metronidazole; Vaginitis
PubMed: 6791731
DOI: No ID Found -
Higher amoebic and metronidazole resistant forms of Blastocystis sp. seen in schizophrenic patients.Parasites & Vectors Sep 2022Blastocystis sp. is one of the most common colonisers of the intestinal tract that demonstrate strong interaction with accompanying gut bacteria. Previously, the...
BACKGROUND
Blastocystis sp. is one of the most common colonisers of the intestinal tract that demonstrate strong interaction with accompanying gut bacteria. Previously, the protozoan isolated from individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) showed altered phenotypic features suggesting that it can be triggered to become pathogenic. Previous studies reported altered gut microbiota and high prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in schizophrenia patients. However, the phenotypic characteristics of Blastocystis sp. isolated from individuals with SZ have yet to be described.
METHODS
In this study, faecal samples from 50 patients with severe schizophrenia (SZ) and 100 non-schizophrenic (NS) individuals were screened for Blastocystis sp.
INFECTION
Positive isolates were subjected to genotypic and phenotypic characterization.
RESULTS
We found that 12 out of 50 (24%) SZ and 5 out of 100 (5%) NS individuals were detected Blastocystis sp. positive using both in vitro culture and PCR method with no significant association to age and gender. Out of the 15 sequenced isolates, ST3 was the most prevalent subtype (66.7%) followed by ST1 (20%) and ST6 (13.3%). The isolates from SZ individuals demonstrated significant slower growth rate (34.9 ± 15.6 h) and larger range of cell diameter (3.3-140 µm). We detected higher amoebic forms and metronidazole resistance among SZ isolates with variation in cell surface glycoprotein where 98% of cells from SZ showed consistent medium to high binding affinity (+ 2 to + 3) to Concavalin A staining compared to NS isolates that demonstrated only 76% high lectin (+ 3) binding affinity. Cysteine and serine protease levels were predominantly found among SZ isolates. We also demonstrate the presence of metalloprotease in Blastocystis sp. especially among NS isolates. Introduction of solubilised antigens from SZ isolates increased the cell proliferation of HCT116 cells by two fold when compared to NS isolates.
CONCLUSION
Our findings demonstrated Blastocystis sp. isolated from SZ individuals showed variation in phenotype specifically in morphology and drug resistance. The findings indicate that the gut environment (SZ and NS) and treatment of SZ could have influenced the phenotype of Blastocystis sp.
Topics: Blastocystis; Blastocystis Infections; Feces; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Metronidazole
PubMed: 36064639
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05418-0 -
Journal of Nurse-midwifery 1994Metronidazole is the recommended treatment for trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Reluctance to use this drug in pregnancy is related to... (Review)
Review
Metronidazole is the recommended treatment for trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Reluctance to use this drug in pregnancy is related to concerns about possible adverse effects on the fetus. However, recent literature suggests associations between these infections during pregnancy and risk of preterm delivery; if such associations are causal and preterm birth is shown to be prevented by effective treatment, the risk-benefit equation may be altered. This article reviews the literature on the carcinogenic and teratogenic potential of metronidazole and discusses the evidence that associates trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis with perinatal outcomes. Current practice recommendations are summarized.
Topics: Clinical Protocols; Female; Fetus; Humans; Metronidazole; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 7965190
DOI: 10.1016/0091-2182(94)90027-2