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Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2017MicroRNAs (miRs) hybridize with complementary sequences in mRNA and silence genes by destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA. Over 60% of human... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRs) hybridize with complementary sequences in mRNA and silence genes by destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA. Over 60% of human protein-coding genes are regulated by miRs, and 1881 high-confidence miRs are encoded in the human genome. Evidence suggests that miRs not only are synthesized endogenously, but also might be obtained from dietary sources, and that food compounds alter the expression of endogenous miR genes. The main food matrices for studies of biological activity of dietary miRs include plant foods and cow milk. Encapsulation of miRs in exosomes and exosome-like particles confers protection against RNA degradation and creates a pathway for intestinal and vascular endothelial transport by endocytosis, as well as delivery to peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests that the amount of miRs absorbed from nutritionally relevant quantities of foods is sufficient to elicit biological effects, and that endogenous synthesis of miRs is insufficient to compensate for dietary miR depletion and rescue wild-type phenotypes. In addition, nutrition alters the expression of endogenous miR genes, thereby compounding the effects of nutrition-miR interactions in gene regulation and disease diagnosis in liquid biopsies. For example, food components and dietary preferences may modulate serum miR profiles that may influence biological processes. The complex crosstalk between nutrition, miRs, and gene targets poses a challenge to gene network analysis and studies of human disease. Novel pipelines and databases have been developed recently, including a dietary miR database for archiving reported miRs in 15 dietary resources. miRs derived from diet and endogenous synthesis have been implicated in physiologic and pathologic conditions, including those linked with nutrition and metabolism. In fact, several miRs are actively regulated in response to overnutrition and tissue inflammation, and are involved in facilitating the development of chronic inflammation by modulating tissue-infiltrated immune cell function.
Topics: Computational Biology; Databases, Genetic; Diet; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Nutritional Status; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 28096131
DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013839 -
Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine Aug 2011MicroRNAs (miRs) are post-transcriptional inhibitory regulators of gene expression acting by direct binding to complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Recent... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRs) are post-transcriptional inhibitory regulators of gene expression acting by direct binding to complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRs are crucial determinants of endothelial cell behavior and angiogenesis. We have provided evidence of the prominent role of miR-503 in impairment of postischemic reparative angiogenesis in the setting of diabetes. Because miR-503 belongs to the miR-16 extended family of miRs, in this review, we describe the cardiovascular functions of miR-503 and other members of the miR-16 family and their impact on angiogenesis.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Forecasting; Gene Expression; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neovascularization, Physiologic
PubMed: 22814423
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.05.003 -
RNA Biology Feb 2012microRNA-122 (miR-122) was one of the first examples of a tissue-specific miRNA. It is highly expressed in liver, where it constitutes 70% of the total miRNA pool.... (Review)
Review
microRNA-122 (miR-122) was one of the first examples of a tissue-specific miRNA. It is highly expressed in liver, where it constitutes 70% of the total miRNA pool. miR-122 expression is specific to the vertebrate lineage, where the sequence of the mature miRNA is completely conserved. miR-122 is a target for extensive study due to its association with cholesterol metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma, and its important role in promoting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. This review will discuss the biogenesis and function of miR-122.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepacivirus; Humans; Liver; MicroRNAs; Organ Specificity; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 22258222
DOI: 10.4161/rna.18827 -
Journal of Radiation Research Aug 2016MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the potential... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the potential roles of miRNAs in improving cancer prognostic, predictive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, they have become an area of intense research focus in recent years. MiRNAs harbor attractive features allowing for translation to the clinical world, such as relatively simple extraction methods, resistance to molecular degradation, and ability to be quantified. Numerous prognostic, predictive and diagnostic miRNA signatures have been developed. To date however, miRNA analysis has not been adopted for routine clinical use. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of miRNA research and review a selection of miRNA studies in breast cancer, cervical cancer, sarcoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma to highlight advances and challenges in miRNA cancer research.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Models, Biological; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26983984
DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw009 -
Clinical Genetics Mar 2023MicroRNAs are the major class of small non-coding RNAs, evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs are the major class of small non-coding RNAs, evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they have been implicated as master regulators in numerous cellular processes. MicroRNA (miRNA)s regulate gene expression by attenuation and/or mRNA degradation and are commonly associated with cell development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Extensive research in past two decades has provided new insights into the potential implications of miRNA in the onset, progression, and therapeutic nature of miRNAs in disease manifestation. Owing to the novel discoveries, "miRNAs" would probably pave a new direction in therapeutic research. However, "micro" in length miRNAs have attracted considerable attention in numerous other fields. Understanding the functionality of miRNAs, in this review article, we discussed the mechanistic role of miRNAs in human diseases and have outlined most of the recent published work in clinical therapeutics. We have constructed different network models for miRNA and its targets which made us understand their interrelationship and association with diseases. Future research would surely overcome challenges and would introduce new strategies for the utility of miRNAs in a broader setting.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Disease
PubMed: 36310341
DOI: 10.1111/cge.14256 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jul 2019MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play essential roles in various biological processes by silencing genes. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play essential roles in various biological processes by silencing genes. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that microRNAs in food can be absorbed into the circulatory system and organs of humans and other animals, where they regulate gene expression and biological processes. These food-derived dietary microRNAs may serve as a novel functional component of food, a role that has been neglected to date. However, a significant amount of evidence challenges this new concept. The absorption, stability, and physiological effects of dietary microRNA in recipients, especially in mammals, are currently under heavy debate. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the unique characteristics of dietary microRNAs and concerns about both the mechanistic and methodological basis for studying the biological significance of dietary microRNAs. Such efforts will benefit continuing investigations and offer new perspectives for the interpretation of the roles of dietary microRNA with respect to the health and disease of humans and animals.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Food; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 31120095
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy127 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many cell types and are secreted into extracellular fluids, protected from degradation by packaging in extracellular vesicles. These circulating miRNAs are easily accessible, disease-specific and sensitive to small changes, which makes them ideal biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or monitoring purposes. Specific miRNA signatures can be reflective of disease status and development or indicators of poor treatment response. This is especially important in malignant diseases, as the ease of accessibility of circulating miRNAs circumvents the need for invasive tissue biopsy. In osteogenesis, miRNAs can act either osteo-enhancing or osteo-repressing by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases, with a specific focus on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma. To this end, a comprehensive literature search has been performed. The first part of the review discusses the history and biology of miRNAs, followed by a description of different types of biomarkers and an update of the current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers in bone related diseases. Finally, limitations of miRNAs biomarker research and future perspectives will be presented.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Biomarkers; Extracellular Vesicles; Circulating MicroRNA; Osteosarcoma; Bone Neoplasms
PubMed: 37293498
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168898 -
Physiological Genomics Feb 2014Psoriasis is a chronic and common human skin disorder currently with no cure. Psoriatic skin displays inflammatory, raised, and scaly lesions with widely aberrant gene... (Review)
Review
Psoriasis is a chronic and common human skin disorder currently with no cure. Psoriatic skin displays inflammatory, raised, and scaly lesions with widely aberrant gene expression. Recent studies have revealed critical roles that microRNAs play as a class of posttranscriptional gene regulator in skin development and skin diseases. A substantial number of novel microRNAs have been identified in skin, and much has been learned about the dysregulated expression and functional roles of microRNAs in psoriasis, as well as the robustness and plasticity of microRNA-mediated gene expression regulation. Here we review recent progresses in discovery, profiling, and characterization of microRNAs in human psoriatic skin, discuss insights to their biological functions, and share our view on remaining challenges to be addressed.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Models, Biological; Psoriasis; Skin
PubMed: 24326350
DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00157.2013 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Apr 2014MYC is a noncanonical transcription factor that binds to thousands of genomic loci and affects >15% of the human transcriptome, with surprisingly little overlap between... (Review)
Review
MYC is a noncanonical transcription factor that binds to thousands of genomic loci and affects >15% of the human transcriptome, with surprisingly little overlap between MYC-bound and -regulated genes. This discordance raises the question whether MYC chooses its targets based on their individual biological effects ("a la carte") or by virtue of belonging to a certain group of genes (on a "prix fixe" basis). This review presents evidence for a prix fixe, posttranscriptional model whereby MYC initially deregulates a select number of microRNAs. These microRNAs then target a broad spectrum of genes based solely on the presence in their 3' UTRs (untranslated regions) of distinct "seed" sequences. Existing evidence suggests that there are significant microRNA components to all key MYC-driven phenotypes, including cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, metabolism, angiogenesis, metastasis, stemness, and hematopoiesis. Furthermore, each of these cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic phenotypes is likely attributable to deregulation of multiple microRNA targets acting in different, yet frequently overlapping, pathways. The habitual targeting of multiple genes within the same pathway might account for the robustness and persistence of MYC-induced phenotypes.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Hematopoiesis; Humans; MicroRNAs; Mitosis; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Stem Cells
PubMed: 24737842
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014175 -
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia :... Oct 2022Heart failure (HF) is a high prevalent syndrome with significant burden worldwide. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP are the gold standard... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Heart failure (HF) is a high prevalent syndrome with significant burden worldwide. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP are the gold standard biomarkers in HF management. Although useful in clinical practice, they have limitations as their expression can be influenced by ventricular function, aging, obesity, renal failure and atrial arrhythmias. MicroRNAs have recently emerged as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, given that they are related to cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. An increasing amount of research has highlighted some microRNAs for their potential as HF biomarkers. However, different study designs, methods and study groups have led to inconsistent results.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We performed a systematic search of available literature on Pubmed and Scopus reporting the prognostic value of microRNAs in HF, followed by a review of risk of bias, according to Quadas Group Standards. Simultaneously, microRNAs' potential as differential diagnosis and severity biomarkers was also analyzed. Studies have described circulating microRNA as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and severity markers. Mir-622, -519 and -499 were significantly related to HF with reduced ejection fraction, whereas miR-22-3p revealed greater ability as a severity biomarker. Let-7i-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-21, miR-1306-5p and miR-122 serum expressions presented a consistent correlation with HF prognosis. Furthermore, identified miR targets were associated with signaling pathways already known to be involved in HF progression.
CONCLUSION
Several miRs were related to HF pathophysiology and demonstrated potential as biomarkers for disease progression. MicroRNAs have a promising role in HF, and although unquestionable, we require a deeper and broader understanding of their role and function for future research.
Topics: Biomarkers; Circulating MicroRNA; Heart Failure; Humans; MicroRNAs; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Prognosis
PubMed: 36207069
DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.03.020