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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020The excellent clinical efficacy of anti-interleukin 17A (IL-17A) biologics on psoriasis indicates a crucial pathogenic role of IL-17A in this autoinflammatory skin... (Review)
Review
The excellent clinical efficacy of anti-interleukin 17A (IL-17A) biologics on psoriasis indicates a crucial pathogenic role of IL-17A in this autoinflammatory skin disease. IL-17A accelerates the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce a myriad of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL20. Antimicrobial peptides enhance skin inflammation. IL-17A is capable of upregulating the production of these chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in keratinocytes. CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 recruit neutrophils and CCL20 chemoattracts IL-17A-producing CCR6 immune cells, which further contributes to forming an IL-17A-rich milieu. This feed-forward pathogenic process results in characteristic histopathological features, such as epidermal hyperproliferation, intraepidermal neutrophilic microabscess, and dermal CCR6 cell infiltration. In this review, we focus on IL-17A and keratinocyte interaction regarding psoriasis pathogenesis.
Topics: Cell Proliferation; Chemokine CCL20; Chemokine CXCL1; Chemokine CXCL2; Epidermis; Humans; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Keratinocytes; Neutrophils; Psoriasis
PubMed: 32070069
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041275 -
Fertility and Sterility Aug 2018Endometritis is subdivided into two categories. Acute endometritis is symptomatic and characterized by microabscess formation and neutrophil invasion in the endometrial... (Review)
Review
Endometritis is subdivided into two categories. Acute endometritis is symptomatic and characterized by microabscess formation and neutrophil invasion in the endometrial superficial epithelium, gland lumina, and uterine cavity. Chronic endometritis is rather silent and recognized as unusual plasmacyte infiltration in the endometrial stromal areas. Over the last decade, studies have disclosed the potential association between poor reproductive outcomes and endometritis, particularly chronic endometritis. The aim of this review is to address the current literature surrounding chronic endometritis and highlight recent advances in the research of this long-neglected gynecologic disease.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chronic Disease; Endometritis; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Microbiota; Pregnancy
PubMed: 29960704
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.012 -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Aug 2022Endometritis is defined as an infection or inflammation of the endometrium. Endometritis is of two types: acute and chronic. Acute endometritis is the symptomatic acute... (Review)
Review
Endometritis is defined as an infection or inflammation of the endometrium. Endometritis is of two types: acute and chronic. Acute endometritis is the symptomatic acute inflammation of the endometrium, which upon examination with a microscope shows micro-abscess and neutrophil invasion in the superficial endometrium. One of its most common manifestations is postpartum endometritis. Chronic endometritis is a silent disease usually diagnosed on the workup of secondary amenorrhoea and infertility. An important cause of chronic endometritis is tuberculosis, especially in developing nations. Chronic and acute endometritis have been associated with poor reproductive outcomes. Worse outcomes have been reported for individuals with chronic endometritis. This is a scoping review of endometritis and its impact on fertility.
Topics: Endometritis; Endometrium; Female; Fertility; Humans; Infertility; Inflammation
PubMed: 35621273
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20220015 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2017Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused... (Review)
Review
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused by melanized or brown-pigmented fungi. CBM is mainly a tropical or subtropical disease that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around the world. The following characteristics are associated with this disease: (i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source, leading to an initial cutaneous lesion at the inoculation site; (ii) chronic and progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular involvement associated with fibrotic and granulomatous reactions associated with microabscesses and often with tissue proliferation; (iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement; and (iv) the presence of muriform (sclerotic) cells embedded in the affected tissue. CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and are commonly misdiagnosed as various other infectious and noninfectious diseases. In its more severe clinical forms, CBM may cause an incapacity for labor due to fibrotic sequelae and also due to a series of clinical complications, and if not recognized at an early stage, this disease can be refractory to antifungal therapy.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Chromoblastomycosis; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Exophiala; Humans; Neglected Diseases; Occupational Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 27856522
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00032-16 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2019
PubMed: 31942132
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_73_19 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis... (Review)
Review
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). While systemic vasculitis is a hallmark of all AAV, GPA is characterized by extravascular granulomatous inflammation, preferentially affecting the respiratory tract. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of neutrophilic microabscesses; the appearance of multinucleated giant cells; and subsequent granuloma formation, finally leading to scarred or destroyed tissue in GPA, are still incompletely understood. This review summarizes findings describing the presence and function of molecules and cells contributing to granulomatous inflammation in the respiratory tract and to renal inflammation observed in GPA. In addition, factors affecting or promoting the development of granulomatous inflammation such as microbial infections, the nasal microbiome, and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) are discussed. Further, on the basis of numerous results, we argue that, in situ, various ways of exposure linked with a high number of infiltrating proteinase 3 (PR3)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-expressing leukocytes lower the threshold for the presentation of an altered PR3 and possibly also of MPO, provoking the local development of ANCA autoimmune responses, aided by the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures. Although extravascular granulomatous inflammation is unique to GPA, similar molecular and cellular patterns can be found in both the respiratory tract and kidney tissue of GPA and MPA patients; for example, the antimicrobial peptide LL37, CD163 macrophages, or regulatory T cells. Therefore, we postulate that granulomatous inflammation in GPA or PR3-AAV is intertwined with autoimmune and destructive mechanisms also seen at other sites.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Biomarkers; Cell Movement; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunohistochemistry; Organ Specificity
PubMed: 34204207
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126474 -
Neurology India 2023Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei that is endemic in Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and Africa. Neurological involvement is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei that is endemic in Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and Africa. Neurological involvement is rare and reported in 3-5% of total cases.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to report a series of cases of melioidosis with neurological involvement and a brief review of the literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We collected the data from six melioidosis patients having neurological involvement. Clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings were analyzed.
RESULT
All patients in our study were adults (age range 27 to 73 years). The presenting symptoms were fever of varying duration (range 15 days to 2 months). Altered sensorium was noted in five patients. Four cases had brain abscess, one had meningitis, and one had a spinal epidural abscess. All cases of brain abscesses were T2 hyperintense with an irregular wall showing central diffusion restriction and irregular peripheral enhancement. The trigeminal nucleus was involved in one patient, but there was no enhancement of the trigeminal nerve. Extension along the white matter tract was noted in two patients. Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy done in two patients showed increased lipid/lactate and choline peak in both of them.
CONCLUSION
Melioidosis can present as multiple micro-abscesses in the brain. Involvement of the trigeminal nucleus and extension along the corticospinal tract may raise the possibility of infection by B. pseudomallei. Meningitis and dural sinus thrombosis, although rare, can be presenting features.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Melioidosis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Abscess; Brain; Lactic Acid
PubMed: 36861583
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.370442 -
Intensive Care Medicine Experimental Jul 2019Sepsis is a highly lethal disorder. Organ dysfunction in sepsis is not defined as a clinicopathological entity but rather by changes in clinical, physiological, or... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sepsis is a highly lethal disorder. Organ dysfunction in sepsis is not defined as a clinicopathological entity but rather by changes in clinical, physiological, or biochemical parameters. Pathogenesis and specific treatment of organ dysfunction in sepsis are unknown. The study of the histopathological correlate of organ dysfunction in sepsis will help understand its pathogenesis.
METHODS
We searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and Scielo for original articles on kidney, brain, and liver dysfunction in human sepsis. A defined search strategy was designed, and pertinent articles that addressed the histopathological changes in sepsis were retrieved for review. Only studies considered relevant in the field were discussed.
RESULTS
Studies on acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis reveal that acute tubular necrosis is less prevalent than other changes, indicating that kidney hypoperfusion is not the predominant pathogenetic mechanism of sepsis-induced AKI. Other more predominant histopathological changes are apoptosis, interstitial inflammation, and, to a lesser extent, thrombosis. Brain pathological findings include white matter hemorrhage and hypercoagulability, microabscess formation, central pontine myelinolysis, multifocal necrotizing leukoencephalopathy, metabolic changes, ischemic changes, and apoptosis. Liver pathology in sepsis includes steatosis, cholangiolitis and intrahepatic cholestasis, periportal inflammation, and apoptosis. There is no information on physiological or biochemical biomarkers of the histopathological findings.
CONCLUSIONS
Histopathological studies may provide important information for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction in sepsis and for the design of potentially effective therapies. There is a lack of clinically available biomarkers for the identification of organ dysfunction as defined by the histological analysis.
PubMed: 31346833
DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0236-3 -
Reumatologia 2019Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis is a rare extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, both seropositive and seronegative for rheumatoid factor. The...
Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis is a rare extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis, both seropositive and seronegative for rheumatoid factor. The condition most often presents as symmetric erythematous papules, nodules, plaques, and urticaria-like lesions in patients with severe, long-lasting rheumatoid arthritis. We report a case of a 65-year-old man with well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis, who developed rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis on the right lower leg. The biopsy of skin lesions revealed an intense, neutrophilic dermal infiltrate, microabscesses, and leukocytoclasis without vasculitis. The patient responded well to pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone. We present this patient due to the rarity of the disease and atypical unilateral manifestation involving the flexural surfaces of the lower leg.
PubMed: 32226170
DOI: 10.5114/reum.2019.90363