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International Journal of Nephrology and... 2017Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of the kidney arising commonly from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and occasionally from type 2... (Review)
Review
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of the kidney arising commonly from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and occasionally from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Microalbuminuria serves as an early indicator of DN risk and a predictor of its progression as well as cardiovascular disease risk in both T1DM and T2DM. Although microalbuminuria remains the gold standard for early detection of DN, it is not a sufficiently accurate predictor of DN risk due to some limitations. Thus, there is a paradigm shift to novel biomarkers which would help to predict DN risk early enough and possibly prevent the occurrence of end-stage kidney disease. These new biomarkers have been broadly classified into glomerular biomarkers, tubular biomarkers, biomarkers of inflammation, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and miscellaneous biomarkers which also include podocyte biomarkers, some of which are also considered as tubular and glomerular biomarkers. Although they are potentially useful for the evaluation of DN, current data still preclude the routine clinical use of majority of them. However, their validation using high-quality and large longitudinal studies is of paramount importance, as well as the subsequent development of a biomarker panel which can reliably predict and evaluate this renal microvascular disease. This paper aims to review the predictive role of these biomarkers in the evaluation of DN.
PubMed: 28860837
DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S143186 -
Cureus Mar 2023One of the most significant complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Another important...
BACKGROUND
One of the most significant complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Another important clinical marker in patients with type 2 diabetes is QTc interval prolongation. We aimed to study the association between QTc interval prolongation and microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM.
OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between QTc interval prolongation and microalbuminuria in patients with T2DM. The secondary objective was to correlate the prolongation of the QTc interval with the duration of T2DM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted as a single-centre, prospective, observational study in a tertiary-care centre in South India, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center. The study was conducted over two years, between April 2020 and April 2022. Patients aged more than 18 with T2DM with and without microalbuminuria were recruited into the study and control groups, and various parameters, including QTC intervals, were recorded.
RESULTS
A total of 120 patients were enrolled in the study, with 60 patients with microalbuminuria forming the study group and 60 patients without microalbuminuria forming the control group. There was a statistically significant association between microalbuminuria with a prolonged QTc interval, hypertension, a longer duration of T2DM, higher haemoglobin AIc (HbA1c) levels, and higher serum creatinine values.
PubMed: 37009348
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35646 -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Sep 2013Women with a history of hypertension in pregnancy are at increased risk of microalbuminuria later in life. Microalbuminuria is a marker of kidney dysfunction frequently...
Women with a history of hypertension in pregnancy are at increased risk of microalbuminuria later in life. Microalbuminuria is a marker of kidney dysfunction frequently related to an inflammatory event. Pregnancy is a dynamic process characterized by immune tolerance, angiogenesis, and hormonal regulation. Menstruation and pregnancy are associated with a physiological inflammation, which is altered in preeclampsia and probably in other hypertensive situations of pregnancy. An imbalance between pro-oxidant factors and the ability to scavenge these factors produces oxidative stress, which has been evaluated in many cells, but leukocytes are the main source of inflammatory cytokines and experimental and clinical evidence support a possible role of aldosterone as a mediator of placental and renal damage mediated by growth factors, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aldosterone receptor blockers are frequently effective in reducing the risk of progression of cardiovascular and renal disease.
Topics: Aging; Albuminuria; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 24034651
DOI: 10.1111/jch.12135 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2011To assess the influence of urinary microalbuminuria and hemoglobin concentration on the occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR), clinically significant...
AIM
To assess the influence of urinary microalbuminuria and hemoglobin concentration on the occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR), clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and hard exudate formation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this prospective cross-sectional study carried out over a period of 2 years, type 2 diabetic patients seeking ocular evaluation for DR were assessed for presence and severity of DR, presence of hard exudates and CSME. Retinal findings were correlated to severity of microalbuminuria, hemoglobin concentration and other systemic risk factors using linear regression analysis.
RESULTS
Three hundred and six patients were included in the study. DR of any grade was seen in 132 (43%) patients, hard exudate formation in 93/306 (30.4%) patients, CSME in 50/306 (16.3%) patients and proliferative DR in 26/306 (8.5%) patients. Duration of diabetes (P < 0.001), microalbuminuria (P < 0.001) and low hemoglobin (P = 0.001) were found to be highly significant risk factors for the development and increasing severity of DR as well as for CSME and hard exudate formation.
CONCLUSION
Microalbuminuria and low hemoglobin are strong predictors for DR, CSME and hard exudate formation in type 2 diabetics even after correcting for duration of diabetes and other systemic risk factors. Although not directly involved in the pathogenesis, microalbuminuria can help in identifying patients at risk for more severe diabetic eye disease. Microalbuminuria warrants intensive monitoring of both retinal and renal status. The hemoglobin levels should be monitored regularly in diabetic patients to detect and treat anemia, thereby reducing one risk factor for DR.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; Anemia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Linear Models; Macular Edema; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 21586841
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.81029 -
Infection Jun 2022Proteinuria (both tubular and glomerular in origin) and its implications are well-known features of adult patients with COVID19. However currently studies addressing...
BACKGROUND
Proteinuria (both tubular and glomerular in origin) and its implications are well-known features of adult patients with COVID19. However currently studies addressing proteinuria and its role in the outcome of kidney and patients of pediatric COVID 19 is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the presence of microalbuminuria in order to detect early renal involvement in pediatric COVID 19 patients.
METHODS
We prospectively evaluated 100 pediatric patients hospitalized with COVID 19 between April and July 2020. Clinical presentations, laboratory findings and outcomes were investigated. Microalbuminuria was compared with the age, gender, disease severity, and hemoglobin, platelet, leukocyte count and serum CRP levels of the patients.
RESULTS
Twenty seven out of 100 patients had microalbuminuria. Fourteen patients had mild and fourteen had moderate disease. There was not any significant relation according to age and gender. Microalbuminuria was not related to the severity of the disease. Also the mean microalbuminuria level did not differ according to the disease course. Hemoglobin, platelet, leukocyte counts and serum CRP levels were also were not correlated with microalbuminuria levels.
CONCLUSION
Although there was no difference between the groups with different disease course; microalbuminuria is detected in an important ratio of pediatric patients with COVID 19 in this study. In the highlight of our findings we suggest that urinary findings of pediatric COVID patients should be carefully evaluated.
Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; COVID-19; Child; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Proteinuria
PubMed: 35094314
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01745-z -
Medicine Dec 2021Microalbuminuria is associated with both with chronic kidney disease and various cardiovascular abnormalities. Given the common use of electrocardiograms (EKGs) in...
Microalbuminuria is associated with both with chronic kidney disease and various cardiovascular abnormalities. Given the common use of electrocardiograms (EKGs) in diagnosing cardiovascular dysfunction, this study is analyzing the relationship between EKG abnormalities and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The enrollments of this study were from the 10-year follow-up data (2003-2012) of the Diabetes Management through an Integrated Delivery System project. All study subjects underwent at least 1 EKG measurement. The urinary microalbuminuria was recorded annually. The logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between EKG abnormalities and the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 DM patients. The total of 1189 patients with type 2 DM are included in this study and a total of 552 patients had microalbuminuria during a 10-year follow-up. A significantly higher odds ratio of microalbuminuria occurrence (4.85) was found in the patients with premature supraventricular contraction or tachycardia compared to those without EKG abnormalities. The odds ratios of microalbuminuria occurrence were 1.00, 2.43, 2.64, and 2.98, respectively, for patients with insulin resistance in the Q (quartile) 1(as the reference), Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively. Our findings can serve as a reference for the association between EKG abnormalities and the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Aged; Albuminuria; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 34941042
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028018 -
Annals of Occupational and... 2017Shift work disturbs workers' biological clocks and this condition can cause various health problems including cardiovascular disease. The elevated albuminuria level has...
BACKGROUND
Shift work disturbs workers' biological clocks and this condition can cause various health problems including cardiovascular disease. The elevated albuminuria level has been significantly associated with the risk of the cardiovascular disease even within a normal reference range. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between shift work and microalbuminuria.
METHODS
Workers aged over 20 years from the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES 2012-2014; = 3000) were included in this analysis. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between shift work and microalbuminuria stratified by gender.
RESULTS
The prevalence of microalbuminuria in male subjects was higher among day workers, but the difference was not significant. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria among females was higher in shift workers with statistical significance. For female, the Odds ratio of microalbuminuria in shift workers was significantly higher with 1.86 (95% CI 1.02-3.39) compared with day workers. After dividing into 5 subgroups of the shift work pattern, the odds ratio of microalbuminuria for fixed night shift was significantly higher at 4.68 (95% CI 1.29-17.00) compared with day workers.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that shift work was associated with microalbuminuria in female workers. Especially we found out the association between fixed night shift and microalbuminuria in female workers.
PubMed: 28835846
DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0194-8 -
European Journal of Rheumatology Jun 2016The aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between microalbuminuria and flow-mediated dilatation in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between microalbuminuria and flow-mediated dilatation in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In our study, there were two groups consisting of 54 patients who were out of the attack period (43 of whom had no microalbuminuria and 11 of whom had microalbuminuria) and 40 healthy controls (M/F: 12/28).
RESULTS
There was no statistically difference between patient and control groups'age (25.06±8.07, 22.89±6.00 years, respectively). Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) percentages were significantly different between the three groups (p=0.01). It was observed that there was a correlation between microalbuminuria and FMD percentage.
CONCLUSION
Endothelial dysfunction and renal damage occurred as a result of low-grade chronic inflammation. Microalbuminuria, which is the indicator of renal damage and endothelial dysfunction, and FMD show that endothelial functions can be used in the following of early detection of renal damage and endothelial functions in FMF patients.
PubMed: 27708973
DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.15079 -
Indian Journal of Nephrology 2022Renal dysfunction and progression to end stage renal disease is well known in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We studied the role of microalbuminuria and...
INTRODUCTION
Renal dysfunction and progression to end stage renal disease is well known in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We studied the role of microalbuminuria and urinary NGAL levels in children with HIV infection for the prediction of renal dysfunction.
DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out and 60 HIV infected children, aged (18 months to 15 years) were screened for microalbuminuria by nephelometry and for uNGAL by ELISA. Thirty healthy children were screened for uNGAL for normative data in Indian children.
RESULTS
The prevalence of microalbuminuria in studied population was 3.3%. The mean uNGAL and uNGAL/creatinine in study population was higher than controls (26.94 ± 93.12 ng/ml vs. 88.94 ± 345.20 mcg/g, and 15.53 ± 37.52 ng/ml vs. 30.12 ± 78.66 ng/ml; = 0.003, = 0.002). Children with lower CD4 counts had significant higher mean Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) and mean uNGAL; = 0.03, = 0.01.
CONCLUSIONS
uNGAL and urine microalbumin are useful biomarkers of early tubular and glomerular injury in children with HIV infection.
PubMed: 35283570
DOI: 10.4103/ijn.IJN_124_20 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Microalbuminuria is closely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general population. Less is known about its relationship...
Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Its Association with Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle Aged, Nondiabetic, Low to Moderate Cardiovascular Risk Individuals with or without Hypertension.
Microalbuminuria is closely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general population. Less is known about its relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to assess the prevalence of microalbuminuria and its relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged, nondiabetic, apparently healthy individuals (N = 187; 40.1% men, 59.9% women; aged 35-55 years) as well as to evaluate its potential associations with established risk modifiers, especially with the presence of carotid plaque. Clinical and laboratory parameters, the estimated 10-year fatal cardiovascular risk (SCORE), as well as circulating, functional (flow mediated vasodilation, ankle-brachial index, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity), and morphological markers (mean carotid intima-media thickness, and carotid plaque) of subclinical atherosclerosis were analysed in group with vs. without microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria was present in 3.8% of individuals with SCORE risk 0.43 ± 0.79%. Functional markers predominated in both groups. Carotid intima-media thickness (mean ± SD) in both groups was in range: 0.5-0.55 ± 0.09-0.14 mm. Carotid plaque was more frequent in group with (14.3%) vs. without (4.4%) microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria had no statistically significant effect on most markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, but the increasing value of microalbuminuria was significantly associated with the occurrence of carotid plaque ( = 0.035; OR = 1.035; 95% CI = 1.002-1.07). Additional multiple logistic regression analysis, where variables belonged to microalbuminuria, number of risk factors, and family history, finally showed only two variables: microalbuminuria ( = 0.034; OR = 1.04; 95%CI = 1.003-1.09) and the number of risk factors ( = 0.006; OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.24-3.73) with independent and significant impact on the occurrence of carotid plaque. Our results may indicate an association of microalbuminuria with the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque; in addition, microalbuminuria and the number of risk factors appear to be possible predictors of the carotid plaque occurrence. Monitoring microalbuminuria may improve the personalized cardiovascular risk assessment in nondiabetic, low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk individuals with or without hypertension.
PubMed: 34574057
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091716