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European Journal of Dentistry 2015This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of cracked teeth, and explores common clinical examples of cracked teeth, such as cusp fractures, fractures into tooth... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of cracked teeth, and explores common clinical examples of cracked teeth, such as cusp fractures, fractures into tooth furcations, and root fractures. This article provides alternative definitions of terms such as cracked teeth, complete and incomplete fractures and crack lines, and explores the scientific rationale for dental terminology commonly used to describe cracked teeth, such as cracked tooth syndrome, structural versus nonstructural cracks, and vertical, horizontal, and oblique fractures. The article explains the advantages of high magnification loupes (×6-8 or greater), or the surgical operating microscope, combined with co-axial or head-mounted illumination, when observing teeth for microscopic crack lines or enamel craze lines. The article explores what biomechanical factors help to facilitate the development of cracks in teeth, and under what circumstances a full coverage crown may be indicated for preventing further propagation of a fracture plane. Articles on cracked tooth phenomena were located via a PubMed search using a variety of keywords, and via selective hand-searching of citations contained within located articles.
PubMed: 26038667
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.156840 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2022As a typical microscopic imaging technology, the emergence of the microscope has accelerated the pace of human exploration of the micro world. With the development of... (Review)
Review
As a typical microscopic imaging technology, the emergence of the microscope has accelerated the pace of human exploration of the micro world. With the development of science and technology, microscopes have developed from the optical microscopes at the time of their invention to electron microscopes and even atomic force microscopes. The resolution has steadily improved, allowing humans to expand the field of research from the initial animal and plant tissues to microorganisms such as bacteria, and even down to the nanolevel. The microscope is now widely used in life science, material science, geological research, and other fields. It can be said that the development of microscopes also promotes the development of micro- and nanotechnology. It is foreseeable that microscopes will play a significant part in the exploration of the microworld for a long time to come. The development of microscope technology is the focus of this study, which summarized the properties of numerous microscopes and discussed their applications in micro and nanotechnology. At the same time, the application of microscopic imaging technology in micro- and nanofields was investigated based on the properties of various microscopes.
PubMed: 35864864
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.931169 -
Cells Nov 2022In bio-medical mobile workstations, e.g., the prevention of epidemic viruses/bacteria, outdoor field medical treatment and bio-chemical pollution monitoring, the... (Review)
Review
In bio-medical mobile workstations, e.g., the prevention of epidemic viruses/bacteria, outdoor field medical treatment and bio-chemical pollution monitoring, the conventional bench-top microscopic imaging equipment is limited. The comprehensive multi-mode (bright/dark field imaging, fluorescence excitation imaging, polarized light imaging, and differential interference microscopy imaging, etc.) biomedical microscopy imaging systems are generally large in size and expensive. They also require professional operation, which means high labor-cost, money-cost and time-cost. These characteristics prevent them from being applied in bio-medical mobile workstations. The bio-medical mobile workstations need microscopy systems which are inexpensive and able to handle fast, timely and large-scale deployment. The development of lightweight, low-cost and portable microscopic imaging devices can meet these demands. Presently, for the increasing needs of point-of-care-test and tele-diagnosis, high-performance computational portable microscopes are widely developed. Bluetooth modules, WLAN modules and 3G/4G/5G modules generally feature very small sizes and low prices. And industrial imaging lens, microscopy objective lens, and CMOS/CCD photoelectric image sensors are also available in small sizes and at low prices. Here we review and discuss these typical computational, portable and low-cost microscopes by refined specifications and schematics, from the aspect of optics, electronic, algorithms principle and typical bio-medical applications.
Topics: Microscopy; Point-of-Care Systems; Lenses; Algorithms; Microscopy, Interference
PubMed: 36429102
DOI: 10.3390/cells11223670 -
Biomedical Optics Express Nov 2018By integrating a phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) into the illumination arm of a cylindrical-lens-based Selective Plane Illumination Microscope (SPIM), we have...
By integrating a phase-only Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) into the illumination arm of a cylindrical-lens-based Selective Plane Illumination Microscope (SPIM), we have created a versatile system able to deliver high quality images by operating in a wide variety of different imaging modalities. When placed in a Fourier plane, the SLM permits modulation of the microscope's light-sheet to implement imaging techniques such as structured illumination, tiling, pivoting, autofocusing and pencil beam scanning. Previous publications on dedicated microscope setups have shown how these techniques can deliver improved image quality by rejecting out-of-focus light (structured illumination and pencil beam scanning), reducing shadowing (light-sheet pivoting), and obtaining a more uniform illumination by moving the highest-resolution region of the light-sheet across the imaging Field of View (tiling). Our SLM-SPIM configuration is easy to build and use, and has been designed to allow all of these techniques to be employed on an easily reconfigurable optical setup, compatible with the OpenSPIM design. It offers the possibility to choose between three different light-sheets, in thickness and height, which can be selected according to the characteristics of the sample and the imaging technique to be applied. We demonstrate the flexibility and performance of the system with results obtained by applying a variety of different imaging techniques on samples of fluorescent beads, zebrafish embryos, and optically cleared whole mouse brain samples. Thus our approach allows easy implementation of advanced imaging techniques while retaining the simplicity of a cylindrical-lens-based light-sheet microscope.
PubMed: 30460137
DOI: 10.1364/BOE.9.005419 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Oct 2022To assess the parameters' setting of the microscope during parotidectomy and the impact of microscopic parotidectomy on facial nerve functional status. A prospective...
To assess the parameters' setting of the microscope during parotidectomy and the impact of microscopic parotidectomy on facial nerve functional status. A prospective study was conducted on 28 patients in a tertiary care center, who underwent microscopic parotidectomy. Microscope's settings' like magnification, focal length, diameter of the visualized field, and clock position were recorded. Facial nerve functional status was also recorded. All surgeries were performed by right-handed surgeons using Leica F 20 M525 microscope. Clock position of microscope for right parotidectomy ranged between 7 and 10 o clock and for left, it ranged between 7 and 12 o clock. Magnification ranged between 1.3 × and 3.2 ×; magnifications of 1.3 × and 1.8 × were preferred from incision to separation of parotid from sternocleidomastoid muscle, 1.8 × and 2 × for dissection of the facial nerve trunk, and 2 × and 3.2 × for individual branches of the facial nerve. Focal length ranged between 251 and 410 mm and the diameter of the visualized field ranged between 7 and 14.7 cm. Out of 24 cases of benign lesions, 2 (8.3%) developed facial paresis which resolved in 3 months. Two out of four cases of malignancy developed permanent palsy as nerve branches were sacrificed to achieve tumor clearance. Using a microscope for parotidectomy is advantageous for facial nerve dissection, reducing chances of facial paralysis. The microscope was also found to be useful for teaching. The use of appropriate microscopic parameters avoids the glitch of transition from open to microscopic approach.
PubMed: 36452574
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02106-2 -
Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure 2022Smartphones can be used to capture images from the microscope. There are commercial and homemade adapters that can be used to overcome the difficulty of focusing on a...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Smartphones can be used to capture images from the microscope. There are commercial and homemade adapters that can be used to overcome the difficulty of focusing on a smartphone camera. We conducted this study to test if the usage of a homemade adapter reduces the time and effort of the operator in comparison to the free-hand technique in smartphone photomicrography.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We made a simple smartphone adapter for digital photomicrography. Thirty-two operators first captured the image on the smartphone with the free-hand technique and then with the adapter thrice from a microscope. The time for focusing was compared statistically by paired -test. A survey was conducted to know operators's opinions on adapter-assisted photomicrography.
RESULT
All the participants were able to capture images from the microscopes. The average time for focusing with adapter was (11.89 ± 4.19 seconds) significantly ( = 0.0001) lower than the free-hand technique (25.56±11.81 seconds). However, the images yielded from both techniques were of equal quality. The majority of the participant found the method to be easy and reduce their effort in focusing and capturing an image.
CONCLUSION
Low-cost homemade smartphone adapter helps in reducing the time required for capturing an image from the microscope. It decreases the effort of the operator in comparison to the free-hand technique. Hence, it may be a good choice for those who need to capture images from the microscopes frequently for either telemedicine or research purpose in resource-limited settings.
PubMed: 35433256
DOI: 10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_45_20 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Jan 2021Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and clear visualization of the surgical field and have been increasingly used in operating... (Review)
Review
SIGNIFICANCE
Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and clear visualization of the surgical field and have been increasingly used in operating rooms. State-of-the-art surgical microscopes are integrated with various imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescence imaging, and augmented reality (AR) for image-guided surgery.
AIM
This comprehensive review is based on the literature of over 500 papers that cover the technology development and applications of surgical microscopy over the past century. The aim of this review is threefold: (i) providing a comprehensive technical overview of surgical microscopes, (ii) providing critical references for microscope selection and system development, and (iii) providing an overview of various medical applications.
APPROACH
More than 500 references were collected and reviewed. A timeline of important milestones during the evolution of surgical microscope is provided in this study. An in-depth technical overview of the optical system, mechanical system, illumination, visualization, and integration with advanced imaging modalities is provided. Various medical applications of surgical microscopes in neurosurgery and spine surgery, ophthalmic surgery, ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgery, endodontics, and plastic and reconstructive surgery are described.
RESULTS
Surgical microscopy has been significantly advanced in the technical aspects of high-end optics, bright and shadow-free illumination, stable and flexible mechanical design, and versatile visualization. New imaging modalities, such as hyperspectral imaging, OCT, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic microscopy, and laser speckle contrast imaging, are being integrated with surgical microscopes. Advanced visualization and AR are being added to surgical microscopes as new features that are changing clinical practices in the operating room.
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of new imaging technologies and surgical microscopy will enable surgeons to perform challenging procedures and improve surgical outcomes. With advanced visualization and improved ergonomics, the surgical microscope has become a powerful tool in neurosurgery, spinal, ENT, ophthalmic, plastic and reconstructive surgeries.
Topics: Industrial Development; Microscopy; Neurosurgical Procedures; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33398948
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.26.1.010901 -
Nanoscale Advances Feb 2021Direct visualization and imaging of nanomaterials under ambient conditions is of great significance for their characterization and application. In most cases, the... (Review)
Review
Direct visualization and imaging of nanomaterials under ambient conditions is of great significance for their characterization and application. In most cases, the observation of individual nanomaterials usually requires high-resolution electron microscopes under high vacuum. In comparison, an optical microscope is much more convenient due to its facile operation and open space. However, the resolution of optical microscopes is much lower than that of electron microscope-based tools. Therefore, effective visualization and imaging strategies for nanomaterials are required to realize their direct observation, accurate location and controllable manipulation. In this review, we summarized the progress of optical visualization and imaging strategies for nanomaterials in recent years, including vapor-condensation-assisted optical visualization, nanoparticle-assisted optical visualization, substrate-assisted optical visualization and fluorescence visualization, and the applications of these techniques were also introduced. We believe that this review will inspire further improvement in optical visualization of nanomaterials and drive the application of nanomaterials in a broader domain.
PubMed: 36133288
DOI: 10.1039/d0na00945h