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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2018is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal... (Review)
Review
is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal species, including humans. A large variety of oral and topical antifungal protocols is available for treating infection. However, the efficacy of these drugs and treatment protocols is variable, with treatment failure up to 40% of patients possibly due to resistance phenomena. The lack of standardised reference methods for evaluating the antifungal susceptibility of represents a major hindrance in assessing microbiological resistance in unresponsive clinical cases. Therefore, data about conventional therapy against and the protocols employed to test the antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and griseofulvin) have been summarised herein. This article focuses on technical parameters used for antifungal susceptibility tests, their effects on the minimum inhibitory concentration value, as well as their clinical implications.
PubMed: 30189676
DOI: 10.3390/jof4030107 -
American Family Physician May 2008The common dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are major causes of superficial fungal infections in children. These infections (e.g., tinea... (Review)
Review
The common dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are major causes of superficial fungal infections in children. These infections (e.g., tinea corporis, pedis, cruris, and unguium) are typically acquired directly from contact with infected humans or animals or indirectly from exposure to contaminated soil or fomites. A diagnosis usually can be made with a focused history, physical examination, and potassium hydroxide microscopy. Occasionally, Wood's lamp examination, fungal culture, or histologic tissue examination is required. Most tinea infections can be managed with topical therapies; oral treatment is reserved for tinea capitis, severe tinea pedis, and tinea unguium. Topical therapy with fungicidal allylamines may have slightly higher cure rates and shorter treatment courses than with fungistatic azoles. Although oral griseofulvin has been the standard treatment for tinea capitis, newer oral antifungal agents such as terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole are effective, safe, and have shorter treatment courses.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Antifungal Agents; Child; Child Welfare; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Risk Factors; Tinea; Tinea Capitis; Tinea Pedis; Trichophyton; United States
PubMed: 18533375
DOI: No ID Found -
Medical Mycology Journal 2017Masao Ota was a Professor of Dermatology at Tokyo Imperial University. He is known to dermatologists around the world as the researcher who identified Nevus of Ota. He...
Masao Ota was a Professor of Dermatology at Tokyo Imperial University. He is known to dermatologists around the world as the researcher who identified Nevus of Ota. He is also known for his research on Hansen's Disease. He was critical of the forced isolation policy and the sterilization law. He dreamt of developing chemotherapeutic measures and dedicated himself to cultivating Mycobacterium leprae. Among his accomplishments, those in the area of medical mycology are particularly remarkable. His discovery of Microsporum ferrugineum, his proposal for Trichophytia pompholyciformis, and his work on Ota-Langeron taxonomy based on the findings on fungus colonies are highly regarded and earned him the Ordre Royale de la Legion D'honneur. His accomplishments in the field of mycology are numerous; he has published a total of 39 research papers mostly in foreign languages. He was a leading world-class medical mycologist of his day. This review introduces some of his accomplishments and some episodes in his life.Furthermore, Masao Ota had a detailed knowledge of art and culture. Under the pseudonym of Kinoshita Mokutaro, he wrote poems, plays, and novels. He was also a painter. Particularly, his paintings in botany during his later years were published in the book "One Hundred Flower Sketches" after his death.Ota said, "The consequence of both science and art is global and humanitarian." He was one of the greatest men of culture in his time.
Topics: Awards and Prizes; Dermatology; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Japan; Microsporum; Mycology; Nevus of Ota
PubMed: 28855482
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.009 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2011Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp. This disease is primarily caused by dermatophytes that invade the hair shaft. The clinical appearance is typically... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp. This disease is primarily caused by dermatophytes that invade the hair shaft. The clinical appearance is typically single or multiple lesions of hair loss that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, and pustules. The incidence in girls and females overall has recently increased, although many boys were previously affected. Trichophyton or Microsporum species of dermatophytes transmitted by humans or animals are commonly associated with this disease. The treatment requires an oral antifungal agent such as itraconazole or terbinafine.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Female; Humans; Itraconazole; Japan; Male; Microsporum; Naphthalenes; Sex Factors; Terbinafine; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton; Zoonoses
PubMed: 21441707
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.52.7 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022
Topics: Candida; Fungi; Genomics
PubMed: 35719349
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928440 -
IMA Fungus Jul 2023The Microsporum canis complex consists of one zoophilic species, M. canis, and two anthropophilic species, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum. These species are the most...
The Microsporum canis complex consists of one zoophilic species, M. canis, and two anthropophilic species, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum. These species are the most widespread zoonotic pathogens causing dermatophytosis in cats and humans worldwide. To clarify the evolutionary relationship between the three species and explore the potential host shift process, this study used phylogenetic analysis, population structure analysis, multispecies coalescent analyses, determination of MAT idiomorph distribution, sexual crosses, and macromorphology and physicochemical features to address the above questions. The complex of Microsporum canis, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum comprises 12 genotypes. MAT1-1 was present only in M. canis, while the anthropophilic entities contained MAT1-2. The pseudocleistothecia were yielded by the mating behaviour of M. canis and M. audouinii. Growth rates and lipase, keratinolysis and urea hydrolytic capacities of zoophilic M. canis isolates were all higher than those of anthropophilic strains; DNase activity of M. ferrugineum exceeded that of M. canis. The optimum growth temperature was 28 °C, but 22 °C favoured the development of macroconidia. Molecular data, physicochemical properties and phenotypes suggest the adaptation of zoophilic M. canis to anthropophilic M. ferrugineum, with M. audouinii in an intermediate position.
PubMed: 37488659
DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00120-x -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2019Until recently, superficial dermatophytosis, also known as tinea, was considered as a minor skin infection, which was easy to treat. There used to be rare outbreaks and... (Review)
Review
Until recently, superficial dermatophytosis, also known as tinea, was considered as a minor skin infection, which was easy to treat. There used to be rare outbreaks and epidemics of superficial dermatophytosis. Lately, there is a sweeping change in the clinical presentation due to extensive, atypical and recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Treating such infections poses a great challenge to the clinicians. Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissue (skin, hairs and nails) by dermatophytes (fungus). It is caused by the three genera of dermatophytes: and . The conventional methods of laboratory diagnosis have now been substantiated by molecular characterization. Earlier epidemics were usually due to anthropophilic dermatophytes. Now, zoophilic dermatophytes are also responsible for many outbreaks and epidemics. We need to be equipped with the tools to face the current scenario, because this depends upon the competence of the staff working in the state-of-the-art laboratories, which is needed for the study of the epidemiology and appropriate treatment.
PubMed: 31849509
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S220849 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2019Lophophyton gallinae (Microsporum gallinae) is a zoophilic fungus that causes ringworm in chickens and related species, and occasionally in humans. There are 45 human... (Review)
Review
Lophophyton gallinae (Microsporum gallinae) is a zoophilic fungus that causes ringworm in chickens and related species, and occasionally in humans. There are 45 human cases worldwide including a Japanese case from Okinawa in 2009. After the finding of the human L. gallinae case, 793 chickens in Japan, including 293 from the mainland and 500 from the Nansei Island areas, were investigated to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes and their related fungal species. The survey was carried out from December 2008 to March 2013. Various dermatophytes and related fungal species were isolated from the studied chickens, with a prevalence of 24.6%. In total, 224 dermatophytes and related species were isolated in the survey. The most commonly isolated species included, in descending order of frequency, Arthroderma multifidum, Aphanoascus terreus, and Chrysosporium spp. Ar. multifidum and Ap. terreus have no record of pathogenicity, and the present isolates of Chrysosporium spp. were not matched to pathogenic Chrysosporium spp. based on the ITS rDNA sequences. Interestingly, an L. gallinae isolate was detected in a male 10-month-old shamo (fighting cock) from the main island. Furthermore, one strain of Arthroderma simii was also isolated as the second record in Japan following that from an imported chimpanzee. Although L. gallinae and Ar. simii are likely to be endemic in our country, the transmission of dermatophytosis from chickens to humans is unlikely to occur because of the reduced chances for citizens to come in contact with chickens due to various factors.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Chickens; Chrysosporium; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Japan; Microsporum; Pan troglodytes; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31155571
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.19.002 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2021Keratin is important and needed for the growth of dermatophytes in the host tissue. In turn, the ability to invade keratinised tissues is defined as a pivotal virulence...
Keratin is important and needed for the growth of dermatophytes in the host tissue. In turn, the ability to invade keratinised tissues is defined as a pivotal virulence attribute of this group of medically important fungi. The host-dermatophyte interaction is accompanied by an adaptation of fungal metabolism that allows them to adhere to the host tissue as well as utilize the available nutrients necessary for their survival and growth. Dermatophyte infections pose a significant epidemiological and clinical problem. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common anthropophilic dermatophyte worldwide and its typical infection areas include skin of hands or feet and nail plate. In turn, Microsporum canis is a zoophilic pathogen, and mostly well known for ringworm in pets, it is also known to infect humans. The aim of the study was to compare the intracellular metabolite content in the T. rubrum and M. canis during keratin degradation using liquid chromatography system coupled with tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The metabolite "fingerprints" revealed compounds associated with amino acids metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism related to the glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), as well as nucleotide and energy metabolism. The metabolites such as kynurenic acid, L-alanine and cysteine in case of T. rubrum as well as cysteine and riboflavin in case of M. canis were detected only during keratin degradation what may suggest that these compounds may play a key role in the interactions of T. rubrum and M. canis with the host tissue. The metabolomic results were completed by qPCR gene expression assay. Our findings suggest that metabolomic analysis of T. rubrum and M. canis growing in culture media that mimic the dermatophyte infection could allow the understanding of processes involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytes.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Chromatography, Liquid; Dermatomycoses; Keratins; Metabolomics; Microsporum; Skin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 33597693
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83632-z -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1984Albino guinea pigs with abraded skin were inoculated cutaneously with 27 strains of dermatophytes from animals and humans. The same strains were inoculated i.v. in...
Albino guinea pigs with abraded skin were inoculated cutaneously with 27 strains of dermatophytes from animals and humans. The same strains were inoculated i.v. in guinea pigs with intact skin. Zoophilic dermatophytes and human isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulare produced ringworm after cutaneous application. After i.v. inoculation, the fungus was reisolated from skin samples from a considerable number of animals with and without clinical ringworm lesions, and also from lungs, liver, and kidneys. In the lungs, hyphal aggregates were noted. Some strains produced generalized dermatophytosis affecting all parts of the skin and internal organs. T. mentagrophytes B32663, selected for further study, was inoculated i.v. in the guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and chicken. Ringworm lesions occurred in the guinea pig and rabbit; in the mouse, rat, and chicken other organs were involved. Administration by other routes did not produce a generalized infection. The infection was not self-limited and the deep-seated lesions may be responsible for the recurrence of infection.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dermatomycoses; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mice; Microsporum; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 6736672
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261652