-
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2011
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens, Environmental; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Mice; Mirex; Molecular Structure; Occupational Exposure; Rats
PubMed: 21860486
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jan 1999Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can travel thousands of miles, accumulate in the food chain, and persist in the environment, taking as long as centuries to degrade....
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can travel thousands of miles, accumulate in the food chain, and persist in the environment, taking as long as centuries to degrade. POPs are known to play a role in birth defects, cancer, immune system dysfunction, and reproductive problems in wildlife. While the effects of POPs on human health are unclear, many researchers believe that long-term exposure contributes to increasing rates of birth defects, fertility problems, greater susceptibility to disease, diminished intelligence, and certain cancers. Twelve POPs have been identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent regulatory attention. They include the pesticides aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene. Of the remaining three POPs, polychlorinated biphenyls are industrial products (used in electrical transformers), and dioxins and furans are unintentional by-products of industrial processes.
Topics: Aldrin; Chlordan; DDT; Dieldrin; Dioxins; Endrin; Environmental Exposure; Furans; Heptachlor; Hexachlorobenzene; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Mirex; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Toxaphene
PubMed: 9872725
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107a18 -
Chemosphere Mar 2023As part of the pan-Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study, human milk samples were collected between 2008 and 2011, and analyzed for...
As part of the pan-Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study, human milk samples were collected between 2008 and 2011, and analyzed for mirex, an organochlorine insecticide and flame retardant, in addition to dechlorane plus (syn- and anti-DDC-CO), the flame retardant replacement for mirex. Mirex was analyzed separately, using a method for the analysis of existing organochlorine insecticides, while the presence of DDC-CO isomers was determined using a method developed for the detection of emerging flame retardants. Mirex was detected in all samples analyzed (n = 298), while syn- and anti-DDC-CO were present in 61.0% and 79.5% of the samples, respectively (n = 541). Mirex concentrations have declined in human milk since the 1990s. Since this is the first pan-Canadian dataset reporting DDC-CO concentrations in human milk, no temporal comparisons can be made. Maternal age was correlated with concentrations of both compounds although parity did not impact concentrations of either analyte. Given the presence of this relatively recently identified flame retardant (DDC-CO) in human milk from women across Canada, studies to identify dominant sources of this compound are critical. Despite low concentrations of environmental chemicals in human milk from Canadian women, Health Canada supports breastfeeding of infants because of the important health benefits to both the mothers and their infants.
Topics: Female; Humans; Mirex; Environmental Monitoring; Milk, Human; Flame Retardants; Canada; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Polycyclic Compounds
PubMed: 36623597
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137784 -
Chemosphere Jun 2022Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of global concern due to their negative effects on humans and the environment, and globally are regulated in the Stockholm...
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of global concern due to their negative effects on humans and the environment, and globally are regulated in the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The present study had Mongolia as a partner in a multinational project funded and coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme with the aim to monitor POPs in core media, including air (with passive samplers), water, and a pooled human milk sample. Project implementation and all sampling were undertaken by the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology whereas POPs analysis was performed in laboratories abroad. Brominated and chlorinated POPs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) and isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The monitoring results found very low concentrations of PFAS in river water. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) for PCDD/PCDF were low in air and in human samples but had a relatively higher presence of TEQ from dioxin-like PCB than in other countries. With respect to chlorinated POPs, drins, chlordanes, DDTs, heptachlors, and mirex were very low in air and human milk. Elevated levels were found for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), and HBCD in air with extreme values for hexachlorobutadiene. The abundance of HCHs and HCB was confirmed in the human milk sample but not for PCB, PeCBz or HBCD. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (170 ng/g lipid) were the highest among all human milk pools. It is recommended to continue POPs monitoring in the future, especially for those where high concentrations were found.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Fluorocarbons; Hexachlorobenzene; Hexachlorocyclohexane; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mongolia; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Water
PubMed: 35276101
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134180 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2021Dechlorane Plus is a polychlorinated compound which has exclusively anthropic origin. This compound has been manufactured for close to 60 years for various applications,... (Review)
Review
Dechlorane Plus is a polychlorinated compound which has exclusively anthropic origin. This compound has been manufactured for close to 60 years for various applications, but mainly as flame retardant. Dechlorane Plus and other Dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) are currently marketed as a replacement for Dechlorane, also known as Mirex, banned in 1978. These compounds share comparable properties to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as persistence in the environment, high lipophilicity, bioaccumulation through the food web and adverse effects on the environment and human health. Despite their long production history, they have been only recently reported in various environmental compartments, such as air, soil, and foodstuff. The aim of this review is to provide a picture of the current state of knowledge on worldwide DRC levels in food, in order to highlight gaps and research needs. The review compares the data on DRC contamination available in literature, considering different food categories and sampling country. In addition, it is specified whether the data were obtained from studies on foodstuff to estimate dietary intake, to evaluate the contamination near the e-waste treatment area or for environmental monitoring purposes.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Flame Retardants; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Polycyclic Compounds
PubMed: 33466958
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020690 -
Environmental Science & Technology... May 2022To enhance knowledge of the environmental distribution and temporal trends of dechloranes and their transformation products (TPs) we performed suspect screening of...
To enhance knowledge of the environmental distribution and temporal trends of dechloranes and their transformation products (TPs) we performed suspect screening of Baltic Sea biota (eelpout, herring, harbor porpoise, guillemot and white-tailed sea eagle). Evaluation of new and "digitally frozen" gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry data revealed 31 compounds: five dechloranes (Dechlorane [Mirex], Dechlorane 602, Dechlorane 603, and -/-Dechlorane Plus [DP]), three isomers, and 23 TPs. Six new Dechlorane 603 TPs and two new DP TPs were detected, including one hydroxy-TP. Some TPs occurred at much higher concentrations than the parent compounds (e.g., Dechlorane 603 TPs were >10-fold more abundant than their parent). Concentrations of contaminants in the most contaminated species (white-tailed sea eagle) changed little over the period 1965-2017. Slow declines were detected for most compounds (median, 2% per year), although concentrations of DP and DP-TPs increased by 1% per year. Ten contaminants biomagnify, and the trophic magnification factors for TPs of Mirex, Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane 603 (8.2 to 17.8) were similar to the parent compounds (6.6 to 12.4) and higher than that of DP (2.4, nonsignificant). The results are discussed in relation to the current review of DP for potential listing under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.
PubMed: 35573270
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00171 -
Environment International Nov 2017The Anniston Community Health Survey, a cross-sectional study, was undertaken in 2005-2007 to study environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and...
The Anniston Community Health Survey, a cross-sectional study, was undertaken in 2005-2007 to study environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides and health outcomes among residents of Anniston, AL, United States. The examination of potential risks between these pollutants and metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia) was the focus of this analysis. Participants were 548 adults who completed the survey and a clinic visit, were free of diabetes, and had a serum sample for clinical laboratory parameters as well as PCB and OC pesticide concentrations. Associations between summed concentrations of 35 PCB congeners and 9 individual pesticides and metabolic syndrome were examined using generalized linear modeling and logistic regression; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Pollutants were evaluated as quintiles and as log transformations of continuous serum concentrations. Participants were mostly female (68%) with a mean age (SD) of 53.6 (16.2) years. The racial distribution was 56% white and 44% African American; 49% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. In unadjusted logistic regression, statistically significant and positive associations across the majority of quintiles were noted for seven individually modeled pesticides (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB, β-HCCH, oxychlor, tNONA, Mirex). Following adjustment for covariables (i.e., age, sex, race, education, marital status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, positive family history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, liver disease, BMI), significant elevations in risk were noted for p,p'-DDT across multiple quintiles (range of ORs 1.61 to 2.36), for tNONA (range of ORs 1.62-2.80) and for p,p'-DDE [OR (95% CI)] of 2.73 (1.09-6.88) in the highest quintile relative to the first. Significant trends were observed in adjusted logistic models for log HCB [OR=6.15 (1.66-22.88)], log oxychlor [OR=2.09 (1.07-4.07)] and log tNONA [3.19 (1.45-7.00)]. Summed PCB concentrations were significantly and positively associated with metabolic syndrome only in unadjusted models; adjustment resulted in attenuation of the ORs in both the quintile and log-transformed models. In conclusion, several OC pesticides were found to have significant associations with metabolic syndrome in the Anniston study population while no association was observed for PCBs.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alabama; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; DDT; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Hypertension; Logistic Models; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Pesticides; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 28779625
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.017 -
Environmental Research Feb 2021Understanding the drivers and effects of exposure to contaminants such as mercury (Hg) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in Antarctic wildlife is still limited. Yet, Hg...
Understanding the drivers and effects of exposure to contaminants such as mercury (Hg) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in Antarctic wildlife is still limited. Yet, Hg and OCs have known physiological and fitness effects in animals, with consequences on their populations. Here we measured total Hg (a proxy of methyl-Hg) in blood cells and feathers, and 12 OCs (seven polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, and five organochlorine pesticides, OCPs) in plasma of 30 breeding female Antarctic petrels Thalassoica antarctica from one of the largest colonies in Antarctica (Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land). This colony is declining and there is poor documentation on the potential role played by contaminants on individual physiology and fitness. Carbon (δC) and nitrogen (δN) stable isotope values measured in the females' blood cells and feathers served as proxies of their feeding ecology during the pre-laying (austral spring) and moulting (winter) periods, respectively. We document feather Hg concentrations (mean ± SD, 2.41 ± 0.83 μg g dry weight, dw) for the first time in this species. Blood cell Hg concentrations (1.38 ± 0.43 μg g dw) were almost twice as high as those reported in a recent study, and increased with pre-laying trophic position (blood cell δN). Moulting trophic ecology did not predict blood Hg concentrations. PCB concentrations were very low (ΣPCBs, 0.35 ± 0.31 ng g wet weight, ww). Among OCPs, HCB (1.02 ± 0.36 ng g ww) and p, p'-DDE (1.02 ± 1.49 ng g ww) residues were comparable to those of ecologically-similar polar seabirds, while Mirex residues (0.72 ± 0.35 ng g ww) were higher. PCB and OCP concentrations showed no clear relationship with pre-laying or moulting feeding ecology, indicating that other factors overcome dietary drivers. OC residues were inversely related to body condition, suggesting stronger release of OCs into the circulation of egg-laying females upon depletion of their lipid reserves. Egg volume, hatching success, chick body condition and survival were not related to maternal Hg or OC concentrations. Legacy contaminant exposure does not seem to represent a threat for the breeding fraction of this population over the short term. Yet, exposure to contaminants, especially Mirex, and other concurring environmental stressors should be monitored over the long-term in this declining population.
Topics: Animals; Antarctic Regions; Birds; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mercury; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 33245882
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110518 -
Cancer Reports (Hoboken, N.J.) Aug 2022Despite the increasing trend of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) incidence in Canada, especially among females, few risk factors other than ultraviolet radiation...
BACKGROUND
Despite the increasing trend of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) incidence in Canada, especially among females, few risk factors other than ultraviolet radiation exposure, have been identified.
AIM
We conducted a case-control study of 406 CMM cases and 181 controls to evaluate the potential impact of body burdens of various persistent organic pollutants on CMM risk.
METHODS
Detailed data on potential confounding factors, including lifetime repeated sun exposure and skin reaction to repeated sun exposure, were collected. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to assay plasma levels of 14 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 11 organochlorine (OC) pesticides among cases and controls.
RESULTS
Statistically significant trends of increased CMM risk were observed with increasing plasma concentrations of multiple PCB congeners, including PCBs 138, 153, 170, 180, 183 and 187. For example, compared to lowest plasma concentration quartile of PCB-138, the second, third and fourth quartiles were associated with 1.7 (95% CI: 0.9-2.9), 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3-4.1) and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3-4.5) -fold increased risks of CMM, respectively. Similarly, increasing plasma concentrations of several OC pesticides (i.e., β-HCH, HCB, Mirex, oxychlordane and trans-Nonachlor) showed statistically significant trends with increased CMM risk. For example, compared to lowest plasma concentration quartile of β-HCH, the second, third and fourth quartiles were associated with 1.3 (95% CI: 0.7-2.3), 2.1 (95% CI: 1.2-3.7) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2-4.4) -fold increased risks of CMM, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Plasma levels of several persistent organic pollutants were highly correlated, suggesting that observed associations were not necessarily independent of each other. Given the highly correlated nature of exposure to PCB and OC analytes, sophisticated analyses that consider complex mixtures should be considered in future studies.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Melanoma; Persistent Organic Pollutants; Pesticides; Skin Neoplasms; Ultraviolet Rays; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
PubMed: 34414694
DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1536