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Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2023Isolated from , mitomycin C (MMC) has various applications in the management of corneal and external disease due to its ability to modulate cellular proliferation. It... (Review)
Review
Isolated from , mitomycin C (MMC) has various applications in the management of corneal and external disease due to its ability to modulate cellular proliferation. It has been employed in pterygium surgery, ocular surface neoplasia, and refractive surgery. Currently, there is no definite consensus on the treatment protocols for each of the aforementioned applications. Although its benefits in the management of corneal and external diseases are promising, MMC use has potential complications including endothelial cell loss, corneal perforation, scleral melt, secondary glaucoma, iritis, and endophthalmitis. This article will review the literature regarding the use of MMC in the field of cornea and external disease and describe protocols employed with corresponding outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Mitomycin; Photorefractive Keratectomy; Lasers, Excimer; Cornea
PubMed: 37345314
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2023.97932 -
Nature Aging May 2023The mysteries behind immune aging and its related inflammation are being unmasked. The research of Jin et al. reveals that the defective turnover of damaged mitochondria...
The mysteries behind immune aging and its related inflammation are being unmasked. The research of Jin et al. reveals that the defective turnover of damaged mitochondria in CD4 T cells from aged individuals results in the exacerbated secretion of mitochondrial DNA, fuelling inflammaging and impairing immune responses.
Topics: T-Lymphocytes; Mitomycin; Mitochondria
PubMed: 37198439
DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00412-2 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2022To investigate the effects of mitomycin-C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the viability, proliferation, and migratory capacity of cultured ocular adnexal sebaceous...
PURPOSE
To investigate the effects of mitomycin-C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the viability, proliferation, and migratory capacity of cultured ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SC) cells.
DESIGN
Laboratory investigation.
METHODS
Human SC cell lines (Bascom Palmer 50 and 52 [BP50 and BP52]) and human limbal stem cells (LSCs) were treated with various concentrations of MMC and 5-FU. Cytotoxicity was assessed with the tetrazolium MTT colorimetric viability assay on normal corneal vs tumor cells. Growth curves and scratch assays were performed to characterize the effects of these chemotherapeutic agents on SC proliferation and migration, respectively.
RESULTS
MMC decreased BP52 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal effective dose (EC) of 11.8 μM after 72 hours. SC viability decreased >50% at 80 mM 5-FU after 72 hours. MMC reduced LSC viability in a dose-dependent manner with an EC value of 3.24 μM, and 5-FU decreased LSC viability >50% at 160 μM. MMC decreased SC cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner. 5-FU displayed antiproliferative effects but did not affect cell migration at concentrations below 1000 μM.
CONCLUSIONS
Our in vitro data corroborate clinical observations that MMC is efficacious for treating ocular adnexal SC, albeit at the expense of LSC viability. Our findings also demonstrate that topical 5-FU exhibits antiproliferative effects that supersede its cancer-killing and antimigratory effects on cultured SC cells.
Topics: Carcinoma; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Eye Neoplasms; Fluorouracil; Humans; Mitomycin
PubMed: 34995523
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.12.016 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021This review article provides a perspective on the synthesis of alicyclic and heterocyclic ring-fused benzimidazoles, imidazo[4,5-]benzimidazoles, and... (Review)
Review
This review article provides a perspective on the synthesis of alicyclic and heterocyclic ring-fused benzimidazoles, imidazo[4,5-]benzimidazoles, and imidazo[5,4-]benzimidazoles. These heterocycles have a plethora of biological activities with the iminoquinone and quinone derivatives displaying potent bioreductive antitumor activity. Synthesis is categorized according to the cyclization reaction and mechanisms are detailed. Nitrobenzene reduction, cyclization of aryl amidines, lactams and isothiocyanates are described. Protocols include condensation, cross-dehydrogenative coupling with transition metal catalysis, annulation onto benzimidazole, often using CuI-catalysis, and radical cyclization with homolytic aromatic substitution. Many oxidative transformations are under metal-free conditions, including using thermal, photochemical, and electrochemical methods. Syntheses of diazole analogues of mitomycin C derivatives are described. Traditional oxidations of -(cycloamino)anilines using peroxides in acid via the -amino effect remain popular.
Topics: Benzimidazoles; Cyclization; Imidazoles; Mitomycin
PubMed: 34064312
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092684 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology May 2016Mitomycin C (MC) is a cytotoxic and mutagenic antitumor agent that alkylates DNA upon reductive activation. 2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM) is a major metabolite of MC in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative Error-Free and Error-Prone Translesion Synthesis of N(2)-2'-Deoxyguanosine Adducts Formed by Mitomycin C and Its Metabolite, 2,7-Diaminomitosene, in Human Cells.
Mitomycin C (MC) is a cytotoxic and mutagenic antitumor agent that alkylates DNA upon reductive activation. 2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM) is a major metabolite of MC in tumor cells, which also alkylates DNA. MC forms seven DNA adducts, including monoadducts and inter- and intrastrand cross-links, whereas 2,7-DAM forms two monoadducts. Herein, the biological effects of the dG-N(2) adducts formed by MC and 2,7-DAM have been compared by constructing single-stranded plasmids containing these adducts and replicating them in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Translesion synthesis (TLS) efficiencies of dG-N(2)-MC and dG-N(2)-2,7-DAM were 38 ± 3 and 27 ± 3%, respectively, compared to that of a control plasmid. This indicates that both adducts block DNA synthesis and that dG-N(2)-2,7-DAM is a stronger replication block than dG-N(2)-MC. TLS of each adducted construct was reduced upon siRNA knockdown of pol η, pol κ, or pol ζ. For both adducts, the most significant reduction occurred with knockdown of pol κ, which suggests that pol κ plays a major role in TLS of these dG-N(2) adducts. Analysis of the progeny showed that both adducts were mutagenic, and the mutation frequencies (MF) of dG-N(2)-MC and dG-N(2)-2,7-DAM were 18 ± 3 and 10 ± 1%, respectively. For both adducts, the major type of mutation was G → T transversions. Knockdown of pol η and pol ζ reduced the MF of dG-N(2)-MC and dG-N(2)-2,7-DAM, whereas knockdown of pol κ increased the MF of these adducts. This suggests that pol κ predominantly carries out error-free TLS, whereas pol η and pol ζ are involved in error-prone TLS. The largest reduction in MF by 78 and 80%, respectively, for dG-N(2)-MC and dG-N(2)-2,7-DAM constructs occurred when pol η, pol ζ, and Rev1 were simultaneously knocked down. This result strongly suggests that, unlike pol κ, these three TLS polymerases cooperatively perform the error-prone TLS of these adducts.
Topics: Deoxyguanosine; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mitomycin; Mitomycins
PubMed: 27082015
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00087 -
The Urologic Clinics of North America Feb 2020Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer can be a challenging disease to manage. In recent years, hyperthermia therapy in conjunction with intravesical therapy has been... (Review)
Review
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer can be a challenging disease to manage. In recent years, hyperthermia therapy in conjunction with intravesical therapy has been gaining traction as a treatment option for bladder cancer, especially if Bacillus Calmette-Guerin might not be available. Trials of intravesical chemotherapy with heat are few and there has been considerable heterogeneity between studies. However, multiple new trials have accrued and high-quality data are forthcoming. In this review, we discuss the role of combined intravesical hyperthermia and chemotherapy as a novel approach for the treatment of bladder cancer.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Mitomycin; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 31757301
DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2019.09.008 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia May 2018Two Phase II studies, three Phase III and one observational study seem to justify that EMDA-MMC is a real alternative in the treatment of patients with NMIBC, especially... (Review)
Review
Two Phase II studies, three Phase III and one observational study seem to justify that EMDA-MMC is a real alternative in the treatment of patients with NMIBC, especially the high risk group. The phase III studies compare EMDA-MMC with passive diffusion MMC and BCG in patients with bladder TIS. They showed EMDA MMC superiority compared to passive diffusion MMC and similar to BCG in achieving complete response at 3 and 6 months. In another randomized study on pT1 NMIBC patients, comparing a sequential scheme of BCG plus EMDA-MMC and BCG, the sequential regimen was significantly superior than BCG reducing recurrence and progression and improved overall and specific survivals. A third randomized study compared TURBT only with immediate post TURBT MMC instillation and EMDA-MMC preoperative instillation. This latter showed to be superior in recurrence prevention than the other two schemes. Tolerance to EMDA-MMC is inferior to passive diffusion MMC, but it does not reach statistical significance. In the same way, EMDA-MMC tolerance is better than BCG and there is no difference between this and the sequential scheme of BCG plus EMDA-MMC. Methodological defects observed in these studies and the fact that almost all of them come from the same group makes it necessary to reproduce this data in other centers so that this therapeutic alternative could be included in guidelines.
Topics: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Electrochemotherapy; Humans; Mitomycin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 29745930
DOI: No ID Found -
BJU International Apr 2022To compare the urinary pH, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and safety of adjuvant intravesical therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To compare the urinary pH, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and safety of adjuvant intravesical therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receiving mitomycin C (MMC) therapy and MMC + cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) therapy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 165 patients with NMIBC from six hospitals were randomly allocated to two groups: weekly instillation of MMC + Ara-C (30 mg/30 mL + 200 mg/10 mL) for 6 weeks and the same instillation schedule of MMC (30 mg/40 mL). The primary outcome was RFS, and secondary outcomes were urinary pH and toxicity in the two groups.
RESULTS
A total of 81 and 87 patients were randomised into the MMC and MMC + Ara-C groups, respectively. Overall, the RFS in the MMC + Ara-C group was significantly longer (P = 0.018) than that in the MMC group. A similar significant difference was detected in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC, but not in those with high-risk NMIBC. The mean (SD) urinary pH was significantly higher in the MMC + Ara-C group than in the MMC group, at 6.56 (0.61) vs 5.78 (0.64) (P < 0.001), and the frequency of a urinary pH of >7.0 in the MMC and MMC + Ara-C groups was 6.3% and 26.7%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis models including clinicopathological features and second transurethral resection demonstrated that increased urinary pH was associated with better outcomes (hazard ratio 0.18, 95% confidential interval 0.18-0.038; P < 0.001). In all, there were 14 and 10 adverse events in the MMC and MMC + Ara-C groups, respectively, without a significant difference (P = 0.113).
CONCLUSIONS
Our randomised clinical trial suggested that intravesical therapy with MMC and Ara-C is useful and safe for patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC. Increase in urinary pH with Ara-C is speculated as a mechanism for increased anti-cancer effects.
Topics: Administration, Intravesical; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Cytarabine; Female; Humans; Male; Mitomycin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 34383381
DOI: 10.1111/bju.15571 -
Journal of Ayub Medical College,... 2023Cryotherapy is a common destructive treatment modality for treating plantar warts that results in blistering and scarring. Mitomycin an antitumor drug with antiviral... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Cryotherapy is a common destructive treatment modality for treating plantar warts that results in blistering and scarring. Mitomycin an antitumor drug with antiviral property is a safe, better and a promising option for treating plantar warts. Objective was to compare efficacy of cryotherapy and mitomycin microneedling in the management of plantar warts. It was a randomized controlled trial conducted at the Skin Department CMH Abbottabad from 1st May to 31st December 2021.
METHODS
The study included 60 patients with plantar warts. Each group with 30 patients. Random tables were used to determine the distribution of patients within each group. Group A received mitomycin microneedling (1u/ml) repeated every 3 weeks. Group B was prescribed liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. The freeze-thaw cycle was 20 secs and repeated every 2 weeks. Both groups were treated for 4 months duration. For analysis of data, SPSS version 21.0 was used. Efficacy was compared by the application of Chi-square test between the two groups. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Mitomycin microneedling completely cured 76.7% of patients, while cryotherapy was effective for only 56.7%. Complete remission was observed after two to three sessions of mitomycin microneedling while average of 4 sessions of cryotherapy were required for complete remission. In general, microneedling with mitomycin had better tolerance, pain being the commonest adverse effect.
CONCLUSIONS
Plantar warts can be effectively treated with mitomycin microneedling. Treatment of plantar warts with this method is more effective, requires fewer sessions, and may take less time to complete.
Topics: Humans; Mitomycin; Cryotherapy; Warts; Antiviral Agents; Cicatrix
PubMed: 36849393
DOI: 10.55519/JAMC-01-10932 -
Current Urology Reports Sep 2016Bladder cancer is the second commonest urinary tract malignancy with 70-80 % being non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) at diagnosis. Patients with high-risk NMIBC (T1/Tis, with... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer is the second commonest urinary tract malignancy with 70-80 % being non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) at diagnosis. Patients with high-risk NMIBC (T1/Tis, with high grade/G3, or CIS) represent a challenging group as they are at greater risk of recurrence and progression. Intravesical Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is commonly used as first line therapy in this patient group but there is a current worldwide shortage. BCG has been shown to reduce recurrence in high-risk NMIBC and is more effective that other intravesical agents including mitomycin C, epirubicin, interferon-alpha and gemcitabine. Primary cystectomy offers a high change of cure in this cohort (80-90 %) and is a more radical treatment option which patients need to be counselled carefully about. Bladder thermotherapy and electromotive drug administration with mitomycin C are alternative therapies with promising short-term results although long-term follow-up data are lacking.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; BCG Vaccine; Cystectomy; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Immunotherapy; Mitomycin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 27492610
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-016-0625-z