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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2000The prevalence of thermotolerant fungi on non-heat-sterilizable food was determined. Aspergillus spp. were noted in 100% of pepper and regular tea samples, 12 to 66% of...
The prevalence of thermotolerant fungi on non-heat-sterilizable food was determined. Aspergillus spp. were noted in 100% of pepper and regular tea samples, 12 to 66% of fruits, 27% of herbal teas, and 20% of freeze-dried soup samples. All soft cheese samples were contaminated by Geotrichum and yeast (Candida norvegensis) but Candida albicans was never identified.
Topics: Aspergillus; Candida; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Food Service, Hospital; Fruit; Geotrichum; Hematology; Hospital Units; Hospitals, Urban; Mitosporic Fungi; Tea
PubMed: 11060109
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.11.4272-4273.2000 -
Mycologia 2017The genus Cheiromycina is one of the few genera of lichenized hyphomycetes for which no sexual reproductive stages have been observed. The genus includes species from...
The genus Cheiromycina is one of the few genera of lichenized hyphomycetes for which no sexual reproductive stages have been observed. The genus includes species from boreal to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere where it is found growing on bark or wood. Congeners in Cheiromycina are characterized by a noncorticate thallus, nearly immersed in the substrate and presenting powdery unpigmented sporodochia, and containing chlorococcoid photobionts. The relationships of members of Cheiromycina with other fungi are not known. Here we inferred the phylogenetic placement of Cheiromycina using three loci (nuSSU, nuLSU, and mtSSU) representing C. flabelliformis, the type species for the genus, C. petri, and C. reimeri. Our results revealed that the genus Cheiromycina is found within the family Malmideaceae (Lecanorales) where members formed a monophyletic clade sister to the genera Savoronala and Malmidea. This phylogenetic placement and the relationships of Cheiromycina with other lichenized hyphomycetous taxa are here discussed.
Topics: Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; Europe; Lichens; Mitosporic Fungi; Phylogeny; Plant Bark; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; United States
PubMed: 29211626
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1397476 -
Journal of Bacteriology Aug 1969In the presence of hydrogen peroxide and either potassium iodide, sodium chloride, or potassium bromide, purified human myeloperoxidase was rapidly lethal to several...
In the presence of hydrogen peroxide and either potassium iodide, sodium chloride, or potassium bromide, purified human myeloperoxidase was rapidly lethal to several species of Candida. Its candidacidal activity was inhibited by cyanide, fluoride, and azide, and by heat inactivation of the enzyme. A hydrogen peroxidegenerating system consisting of d-amino acid oxidase, flavine-adenine dinucleotide, and d-alanine could replace hydrogen peroxide in the candidacidal system. Horseradish peroxidase and human eosinophil granules also exerted candidacidal activity in the presence of iodide and hydrogen peroxide; however, unlike myeloperoxidase or neutrophil granules, these peroxidase sources were inactive when chloride replaced iodide. Cells of Saccharomyces, Geotrichum, and Rhodotorula species, and spores of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger were also killed by the combination of myeloperoxidase, iodide, and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidases, functionally linked to hydrogen peroxide-generating systems, could provide phagocytic cells with the ability to kill many fungal species.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus; Bromides; Candida; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Leukocytes; Mitosporic Fungi; Peroxidases; Potassium Iodide; Saccharomyces; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 5817553
DOI: 10.1128/jb.99.2.361-365.1969 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Sep 2005The growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas...
The growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. Filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of Stachybotrys chartarum, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 or 1,000 ppm for 24 h. C. globosum was exposed to the gas both as colonies and as ascospores without asci and perithecia. After treatment, all organisms were tested for colony growth using an agar plating technique. Colonies of S. chartarum were also tested for toxicity using a yeast toxicity assay with a high specificity for trichothecene mycotoxins. Results showed that chlorine dioxide gas at both concentrations completely inactivated all organisms except for C. globosum colonies which were inactivated an average of 89%. More than 99% of ascospores of C. globosum were nonculturable. For all ascospore counts, mean test readings were lower than the controls (P < 0.001), indicating that some ascospores may also have been destroyed. Colonies of S. chartarum were still toxic after treatment. These data show that chlorine dioxide gas can be effective to a degree as a fumigant for the inactivation of certain fungal colonies, that the perithecia of C. globosum can play a slightly protective role for the ascospores and that S. chartarum, while affected by the fumigation treatment, still remains toxic.
Topics: Chaetomium; Chlorine Compounds; Colony Count, Microbial; Decontamination; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycology; Mycotoxins; Oxides; Sick Building Syndrome; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 16151130
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.9.5399-5403.2005 -
Journal of Food Protection Jan 2002The effectiveness of Candida sake (CPA-1) in combination with Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) for controlling Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pears and apples...
The effectiveness of Candida sake (CPA-1) in combination with Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) for controlling Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pears and apples was determined. The concentrations tested were 2 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml for C. sake and 2 x 10(7) and 8 x 10(7) CFU/ml for P. agglomerans. At room temperature, the two antagonists were combined in proportions of 0 to 100% in 25% increments. At the proportion of 50:50, no rot development was observed in pears, and the greatest control of blue mold in apples was observed at this proportion for all the tested concentrations. Under cold temperature on pears, the highest effectiveness of the mixture was observed when C. sake at 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml was combined with P. agglomerans at 2 x 10(7) or at 8 x 10(7) CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50. Under these conditions, no rot development of blue mold was reported, and gray mold lesion size was reduced by more than 95%. On apples, the mixture of C. sake at 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml and P. agglomerans at 8 x 10(7) CFU/ml at the proportion 50:50 reduced blue and gray mold incidence by 90%. Populations of the two antagonists had the same growth pattern at 20 degrees C when they were applied individually or in combination, but the population level was always higher when they grew alone. In contrast, at 1 degrees C, the population of both antagonists in combination formed a stable community with the same levels as individual application during the first 30 days; after that, C. sake dominated, and P. agglomerans decreased on apples and pears. At both temperatures, the maximum population level of C. sake was observed in apples, and themaximum population level of P. agglomerans was observed in pears.
Topics: Botrytis; Candida; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Mitosporic Fungi; Pantoea; Penicillium; Pest Control, Biological; Rosales
PubMed: 11808791
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.178 -
Applied Microbiology Mar 1973The transformation of three monocyclic terpenes by three soil microorganisms have been studied. The organisms were isolated on, and grew rapidly in, mineral salts medium...
The transformation of three monocyclic terpenes by three soil microorganisms have been studied. The organisms were isolated on, and grew rapidly in, mineral salts medium containing the appropriate terpene substrates as sole carbon sources. These organisms belong to the class Fungi Imperfecti, and two of them have been tentatively identified as Cladosporium species. A Cladosporium species designated T(1) was isolated from terpene-soaked soil, using 1-menthene as the sole source of carbon. The major catabolic product isolated from the growth medium of this organism was found to be a cyclic 1,2-diol identified as trans-p-methane-1,2-diol. A similar but biochemically distinct Cladosporium sp. designated T(7) was isolated on D-limonene. After growth, the medium of this organism contained 1.5 g/liter of the analogous product, trans-limonene-1,2-diol. Minor quantities of the corresponding cis-1,2-diol were also isolated. The third organism, designated as laboratory culture T(8), was isolated on 3-menthene and yielded a diol identified as trans-p-menthane-3,4-diol. From these results it is concluded that the formation of diols is a common intermediate in the fungal metabolism of monocyclic terpenes.
Topics: Biotransformation; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Culture Media; Fermentation; Glycols; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Mitosporic Fungi; Molecular Conformation; Soil Microbiology; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Terpenes
PubMed: 4698863
DOI: 10.1128/am.25.3.447-453.1973 -
Journal of Bacteriology Aug 1973Pathways of initial oxidation of n-alkanes were examined in two strains of Cladosporium resinae. Cells grow on dodecane and hexadecane and their primary alcohol and...
Pathways of initial oxidation of n-alkanes were examined in two strains of Cladosporium resinae. Cells grow on dodecane and hexadecane and their primary alcohol and monoic acid derivatives. The homologous aldehydes do not support growth but are oxidized by intact cells and by cell-free preparations. Hexane and its derivatives support little or no growth, but cell extracts oxidize hexane, hexanol, and hexanal. Alkane oxidation by extracts is stimulated by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate). Alcohol and aldehyde oxidation are stimulated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), and reduced coenzymes accumulate in the presence of cyanide or azide. Extracts supplied with (14)C-hexadecane convert it to the alcohol, aldehyde, and acid. Therefore, the major pathway for initial oxidation of n-alkanes is via the primary alcohol, aldehyde, and monoic acid, and the system can act on short-, intermediate-, and long-chain substrates. Thus, filamentous fungi appear to oxidize n-alkanes by pathways similar to those used by bacteria and yeasts.
Topics: Alcohols; Aldehydes; Alkanes; Carbon Isotopes; Cell-Free System; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Glucose; Glutamates; Mitosporic Fungi; NAD; NADP; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Temperature
PubMed: 4146874
DOI: 10.1128/jb.115.2.635-639.1973 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2001Specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. Universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4,...
Specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. Universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal DNA, were used to amplify DNA from Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, five Candida species, and Pneumocystis carinii. Specific oligonucleotide probes to identify these fungi, as well as a probe to detect all dimorphic, systemic pathogens, were developed. PCR amplicons were detected colorimetrically in an enzyme immunoassay format. The dimorphic probe hybridized with DNA from H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, C. immitis, P. brasiliensis, and P. marneffei but not with DNA from nondimorphic fungi. Specific probes for H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, C. immitis, P. brasiliensis, P. marneffei, S. schenckii, C. neoformans, and P. carinii hybridized with homologous but not heterologous DNA. Minor cross-reactivity was observed for the B. dermititidis probe used against C. immitis DNA and for the H. capsulatum probe used against Candida albicans DNA. However, the C. immitis probe did not cross-react with B. dermititidis DNA, nor did the dimorphic probe hybridize with C. albicans DNA. Therefore, these fungi could be differentiated by a process of elimination. In conclusion, probes developed to yeast-like pathogens were found to be highly specific and should prove to be useful in differentiating these organisms in the clinical setting.
Topics: Genes, rRNA; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycoses; Oligonucleotide Probes; Pneumocystis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Characteristics; Time Factors; Yeasts
PubMed: 11574564
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.39.10.3505-3511.2001 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jul 1990Soluble culture extracts of Bipolaris australiensis, B. hawaiiensis, B. spicifera, Exserohilum longirostratum, E. mcginnisii, E. rostratum, and Helminthosporium solani... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Soluble culture extracts of Bipolaris australiensis, B. hawaiiensis, B. spicifera, Exserohilum longirostratum, E. mcginnisii, E. rostratum, and Helminthosporium solani were used to prepare reference antisera in New Zealand White rabbits. The absorbed reference antisera were tested by a microimmunodiffusion method against concentrated culture filtrates prepared from 115 environmental and clinical isolates of Alternaria spp., Bipolaris spp., Curvularia spp., Dactylaria sp., Drechslera spp., Embellisia spp., Exserohilum spp., Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Microsporum sp., Scolecobasidium sp., and Scopulariopsis sp. Cross-reactivity did not occur between isolates of the genera tested except for some Bipolaris and Curvularia spp. Antigens shared by species of Bipolaris and Curvularia correlated with their morphologic similarity and phylogenetic closeness. Cross-reactivity was observed among isolates of B. australiensis, B. hawaiiensis, and B. spicifera and among isolates of E. longirostratum, E. mcginnisii, and E. rostratum. The exoantigen test is valuable for differentiating these fungi at the generic level.
Topics: Antibodies, Fungal; Antigens, Fungal; Fungi; Humans; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycology; Reference Standards; Species Specificity
PubMed: 2380387
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.7.1655-1657.1990 -
TheScientificWorldJournal May 2010The antagonistic activity of five aquatic hyphomycetes, viz., Heliscus lugdunensis, Tetrachaetum elegans, Tetracladium breve, T. marchalianum, and T. nainitalense,...
The antagonistic activity of five aquatic hyphomycetes, viz., Heliscus lugdunensis, Tetrachaetum elegans, Tetracladium breve, T. marchalianum, and T. nainitalense, against seven plant pathogenic fungi was studied using a dual culture technique. Inhibitory activity of tested aquatic hyphomycetes was determined by measuring the radial growth of plant pathogenic fungi on dual culture plates. Tetrachaetum elegans showed antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pyricularia oryzae, Sclerotium sclerotiorum, and Tilletia indica. Heliscus lugdunensis showed antagonism against only two plant pathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum falcatum. Tetracladium breve, T. marchalianum, and T. nainitalense showed no response towards tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Topics: Fungi; Mitosporic Fungi; Plants; Species Specificity
PubMed: 20454756
DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2010.80