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Trends in Cognitive Sciences Mar 2015Statistical learning (SL) is typically considered to be a domain-general mechanism by which cognitive systems discover the underlying distributional properties of the... (Review)
Review
Statistical learning (SL) is typically considered to be a domain-general mechanism by which cognitive systems discover the underlying distributional properties of the input. However, recent studies examining whether there are commonalities in the learning of distributional information across different domains or modalities consistently reveal modality and stimulus specificity. Therefore, important questions are how and why a hypothesized domain-general learning mechanism systematically produces such effects. Here, we offer a theoretical framework according to which SL is not a unitary mechanism, but a set of domain-general computational principles that operate in different modalities and, therefore, are subject to the specific constraints characteristic of their respective brain regions. This framework offers testable predictions and we discuss its computational and neurobiological plausibility.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Individuality; Models, Psychological; Probability Learning
PubMed: 25631249
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.010 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Apr 2017Imaging of musculoskeletal tumors requires a multimodality approach and includes radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Imaging of musculoskeletal tumors requires a multimodality approach and includes radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS
Topics related to primary bone and soft-tissue tumors are reviewed. The fundamental imaging principles are discussed as well as the applications of emerging imaging modalities.
RESULTS
MRI is the preferred technique for the evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors, whereas other imaging modalities play a complementary role. Radiography is indicated as the first-line imaging modality in bone and soft-tissue tumors, whereas CT is the preferred modality for evaluating cortical osseous lesions or calcifications and in patients with contraindications to MRI. Positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and PET/MRI are helpful in identifying the glucose metabolism of the lesion. Ultrasonography is the most useful for biopsy guidance and can aid in differentiating cystic from solid masses and identifying vascularity. Novel modalities, such as diffusion-weighted imaging, spectroscopy, and habitat imaging, show promise in increasing diagnostic accuracy and affecting treatment strategies.
CONCLUSIONS
Conventional modalities and emerging, novel imaging techniques can provide noninvasive methods to diagnose and evaluate musculoskeletal tumors.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Musculoskeletal System; Positron-Emission Tomography; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28441370
DOI: 10.1177/107327481702400208 -
Education and Information Technologies Jan 2023This quantitative study aimed to better understand how teachers implement technology in a variety of teaching modalities to enhance content delivery and student...
This quantitative study aimed to better understand how teachers implement technology in a variety of teaching modalities to enhance content delivery and student engagement. More specifically, it aimed to investigate the digital divide of technology usage based upon school setting and usage frequency. Responses were collected using a random sampling method of full-time K-12 public school teachers in a Mid-Atlantic state. The instrument was developed from prior research and examined educator usage frequency of instructional technology in urban, rural, and suburban schools dependent upon teaching modality. A total of 423 participants responded to the researcher-created questionnaire and yielded practical implementations for further study. The findings uncovered significant differences in usage frequency of rural, urban, and suburban teachers utilizing technology dependent upon modality (ex. cooperative learning, small group instruction, student-led research, problem-solving). Results of this investigation contribute to the field through an attempt to foster a discussion of disparities between the integration of technology and school setting. The purpose of this discussion is to identify gaps in the digital divide, apply frameworks geared toward equity, and create professional development opportunities for all educators to differentiate technology usage across multiple teaching modalities.
PubMed: 36714442
DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11488-5 -
Innovation in Aging 2022Self-reported sensory data provide important insight into an individual's perception of sensory ability. It remains unclear what factors predict longitudinal change in...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Self-reported sensory data provide important insight into an individual's perception of sensory ability. It remains unclear what factors predict longitudinal change in self-reported sensory ability across multiple modalities during healthy aging. This study examined these associations in a cohort of older adults for vision, hearing, taste, and smell.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data on self-report sensory ability were drawn from 5,065 participants of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (mean age at baseline = 61.6, = 9.5, range 32-93 years; 59% female; resident in the Republic of Ireland) across 6 waves of data collection (2009-2021). Covariates included demographics, lifestyle factors, and measures of sensory, physical, mental, and cognitive health. Independent discrete survival analyses were performed for each sensory modality.
RESULTS
A transition to self-reported fair/poor hearing was most prevalent (21% of the sample), followed by fair/poor vision (19%), smell (11%), and taste (6%). Participants who self-reported fair/poor function in one sensory modality were likely to report fair/poor ability in another sensory modality, although not for all pairings. Only self-rated fair/poor health was associated with increased odds of self-reported fair/poor ability across all sensory modalities. Age was associated with increased odds of self-reported fair/poor hearing, smell, and taste, as was current smoker status (vision, smell, and taste). Several other sensory (e.g., eye disease, hearing aid use) and nonsensory covariates (e.g., education, depression) were associated with the odds of self-reported fair/poor ability in one or two sensory modalities only.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
Over time, older adults perceive associations in fair/poor ability for multiple sensory modalities, albeit somewhat inconsistently. Both modality-general and modality-specific factors are associated with a transition from normal to fair/poor sensory ability. These results suggest the need for more routine testing of multiple senses with increasing age.
PubMed: 36600808
DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igac069 -
World Journal of Hepatology Dec 2021The liver is commonly affected by metastatic disease. Therefore, it is essential to detect and characterize liver metastases, assuming that patient management and... (Review)
Review
The liver is commonly affected by metastatic disease. Therefore, it is essential to detect and characterize liver metastases, assuming that patient management and prognosis rely on it. The imaging techniques that allow non-invasive assessment of liver metastases include ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and PET/MRI. In this paper, we review the imaging findings of liver metastases, focusing on each imaging modality's advantages and potential limitations. We also assess the importance of different imaging modalities for the management, follow-up, and therapy response of liver metastases. To date, both CT and MRI are the most appropriate imaging methods for initial lesion detection, follow-up, and assessment of treatment response. Multiparametric MRI is frequently used as a problem-solving technique for liver lesions and has evolved substantially over the past decade, including hardware and software developments and specific intravenous contrast agents. Several studies have shown that MRI performs better in small-sized metastases and moderate to severe liver steatosis cases. Although state-of-the-art MRI shows a greater sensitivity for detecting and characterizing liver metastases, CT remains the chosen method. We also present the controversial subject of the "economic implication" to use CT over MRI.
PubMed: 35069999
DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1936 -
Medicine Oct 2022Studies that specifically quantify the appropriateness of the process of dialysis modality selection are lacking. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) offers clinical and social...
Studies that specifically quantify the appropriateness of the process of dialysis modality selection are lacking. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) offers clinical and social advantages over hemodialysis (HD), but may be underused. We aimed to determine the appropriateness of the process of dialysis modality selection and quantify the percentage of patients who could potentially have been PD candidates. We performed a cross-sectional study that included adult patients from a hospital Nephrology Department in Barcelona who started dialysis between 2014 and 2015. We assessed the appropriateness of dialysis modalities selection by defining 3 sequential domains based on 3 critical steps in choosing a dialysis modality: eligibility for either treatment, information about modalities, and shared decision-making. We obtained data using medical records and a patient questionnaire. The dialysis modality selection process was considered appropriate when patients had no contraindications for the selected option, received complete information about both modalities, and voluntarily chose the selected option. A total of 141 patients were included in this study. The median age was 72 years (interquartile range 63-82 years), and 65% of the patients were men. The dialysis modality selection process was potentially inappropriate in 22% of the participants because of problems related to information about dialysis modalities (15%) or shared decision-making (7%). Appropriate PD use can potentially increase from 17% to 38%. Patient age and lack of information regarding dialysis options were independently associated with the potential degree of inappropriate dialysis modality selection. Our findings indicate areas for improvement in the selection of dialysis modalities. With better education and shared decision-making, the number of patients with PD could potentially double. The analysis of appropriateness is a helpful approach for studying renal replacement treatment patterns and identifying strategies to optimize their use.
Topics: Adult; Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Renal Dialysis; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Cross-Sectional Studies; Peritoneal Dialysis; Nephrology
PubMed: 36281100
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000031041 -
Journal of Computational Biology : a... Nov 2022Single-cell multi-omics technologies enable comprehensive interrogation of cellular regulation, yet most single-cell assays measure only one type of activity-such as...
Single-cell multi-omics technologies enable comprehensive interrogation of cellular regulation, yet most single-cell assays measure only one type of activity-such as transcription, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, or 3D chromatin architecture-for each cell. To enable a multimodal view for individual cells, we propose Polarbear, a semi-supervised machine learning framework that facilitates missing modality profile prediction and single-cell cross-modality alignment. Polarbear learns to translate between modalities by using data from co-assay measurements coupled with the large quantity of single-assay data available in public databases. This semi-supervised scheme mitigates issues related to low cell quantities and high sparsity in co-assay data. Polarbear first pre-trains a beta-variational autoencoder for each modality using both co-assay and single-assay profiles to learn robust representations of individual cells, and it then uses the co-assay labels to train a translator between these cell representations. This semi-supervised framework enables us to predict missing modality profiles and match single cells across modalities with improved accuracy compared with fully supervised methods, thus facilitating multimodal data integration.
Topics: Supervised Machine Learning; Databases, Factual; Chromatin
PubMed: 36251758
DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0264 -
Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical... Nov 2022A growing body of literature suggests that cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) results from disrupted cortical excitatory/inhibitory (E-I) balance,...
A growing body of literature suggests that cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) results from disrupted cortical excitatory/inhibitory (E-I) balance, which may be linked to gamma entrainment and can be measured noninvasively using electroencephalography (EEG). However, it is not yet known the degree to which these entrainment abnormalities covary within subjects across sensory modalities. Furthermore, the degree to which cross-modal gamma entrainment reflects variation in biological processes associated with cognitive performance remains unclear. We used EEG to measure entrainment to repetitive auditory and visual stimulation at beta (20 Hz) and gamma (30 and 40 Hz) frequencies in PSZ (n = 78) and healthy control subjects (HCS; n = 80). Three indices were measured for each frequency and modality: event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP), intertrial coherence (ITC), and phase-lag angle (PLA). Cognition and symptom severity were also assessed. We found little evidence that gamma entrainment covaried across sensory modalities. PSZ exhibited a modest correlation between modalities at 40 Hz for ERSP and ITC measures (r = 0.23-0.24); however, no other significant correlations between modalities emerged for either HCS or PSZ. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that (a) the pattern of entrainment abnormalities in PSZ differed across modalities, and (b) modality rather than frequency band was the main source of variance. Finally, we observed a significant association between cognition and gamma entrainment in the auditory domain only in HCS. Gamma-band EEG entrainment does not reflect a unitary transcortical mechanism but is instead modality specific. To the extent that entrainment reflects the integrity of cortical E-I balance, the deficits observed in PSZ appear to be modality specific and not consistently associated with cognitive impairment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Electroencephalography; Photic Stimulation; Cognition
PubMed: 36326630
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000778 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022Veterinary anatomy has traditionally relied on detailed dissections to produce anatomical illustrations, but modern imaging modalities, now represent an enormous... (Review)
Review
Veterinary anatomy has traditionally relied on detailed dissections to produce anatomical illustrations, but modern imaging modalities, now represent an enormous resource that allows for fast non-invasive visualizations in living animals for clinical and research purposes. In this review, advanced anatomical imaging modalities and their applications, safety issues, challenges, and future prospects of the techniques commonly employed for animal imaging would be highlighted. The quality of diagnostic imaging equipment in veterinary practice has greatly improved. Recent advances made in veterinary advanced imaging specifically about cross-sectional modalities (CT and MRI), nuclear medicine (PET, SPECT), and dual imaging modalities (PET/CT, PET/MR, and SPECT/CT) have become widely available, leading to greater demands and expectations from veterinary clients. These modalities allow for the creation of three-dimensional representations that can be of considerable value in the dissemination of clinical diagnosis and anatomical studies. Despite, the modern imaging modalities well established in developed countries across the globe, it is yet to remain in its infancy stage in veterinary practice in developing countries due to heavy initial investment and maintenance costs, lack of expert interpretation, a requirement of specialized technical staff and need of adjustable machines to accommodate the different range of animal sizes. Therefore, veterinarians should take advantage of these imaging techniques in designing future experiments by considering the availability of these varied imaging modalities and the creation of three-dimensional graphical representations of internal structures.
PubMed: 35669942
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S367040 -
International Journal of Endocrinology 2020The localization of persistent or recurrent disease in reoperative patients with primary hyperparathyroidism presents challenges for radiologists and surgeons alike. In... (Review)
Review
The localization of persistent or recurrent disease in reoperative patients with primary hyperparathyroidism presents challenges for radiologists and surgeons alike. In this article, we summarize the relevant imaging modalities, compare their accuracy in identifying reoperative disease, and outline their advantages and disadvantages. Accurate localization by preoperative imaging is a predictor of operative success, whereas negative or discordant preoperative imaging is a risk factor for operative failure. Ultrasound is a common first-line modality because it is inexpensive, accessible, and radiation-free. However, it is highly operator-dependent and less accurate in the reoperative setting than in the primary setting. Sestamibi scintigraphy is superior to ultrasound in localizing reoperative disease but requires radiation, prolonged imaging times, and reader experience for accurate interpretation. Like ultrasound, sestamibi scintigraphy is less accurate in the reoperative setting because reoperative patients can exhibit distorted anatomy, altered perfusion of remaining glands, and interference of radiotracer uptake. Meanwhile, four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is superior to ultrasound and sestamibi scintigraphy in localizing reoperative disease but requires the use of radiation and intravenous contrast. Both 4DCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not significantly differ in accuracy between unexplored and reoperative patients. However, MRI is more costly, inaccessible, and time-consuming than 4DCT and is inappropriate as a first-line modality. Hybrid imaging with positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) may be a promising second-line modality in the reoperative setting, particularly when first-line modalities are discordant or inconclusive. Lastly, selective venous sampling should be reserved for challenging cases in which noninvasive modalities are negative or discordant. In the challenging population of reoperative patients with PHPT, a multimodality approach that utilizes the expertise of high-volume centers can accurately localize persistent or recurrent disease and enable curative parathyroidectomy.
PubMed: 32454822
DOI: 10.1155/2020/9649564