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Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Dec 2014This study investigated the subchronic toxicity of molybdenum (Mo) in Sprague-Dawley rats given sodium molybdate dihydrate in the diet for 90days at dose levels of 0, 5,...
This study investigated the subchronic toxicity of molybdenum (Mo) in Sprague-Dawley rats given sodium molybdate dihydrate in the diet for 90days at dose levels of 0, 5, 17 or 60mgMo/kgbw/day. The study complied with OECD Test Guideline (TG) 408, with additional examination of estrus cycles and sperm count, motility, and morphology from OECD TG 416. The overall no-observed-adverse-effect level was 17mgMo/kgbw/day, based on effects on body weight, body weight gain, food conversion efficiency and renal histopathology (females only) at 60mgMo/kgbw/day. No treatment-related adverse effects on reproductive organ weights or histopathology, estrus cycles or sperm parameters were observed at any dose level. No adverse effects were observed in the high dose animals after the 60-day recovery period, with the exception that male rats did not fully recover from reduced body weight. Serum blood, liver and kidney samples were analyzed for molybdenum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt and selenium; high levels of molybdenum and copper were found in the serum, blood, liver and kidneys of rats treated with 60mgMo/kgbw/day. In conclusion, the LOAEL and NOAEL for molybdenum were determined to be 60 and 17mgMo/kgbw/day, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Copper; Estrous Cycle; Female; Genitalia; Kidney; Liver; Male; Molybdenum; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sperm Count; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
PubMed: 24041747
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.003 -
Inorganic Chemistry Feb 2016New bis(ene-1,2-dithiolato)-oxido-alcoholato molybdenum(VI) and -oxido-thiolato molybdenum(VI) anionic complexes, denoted as [Mo(VI)O(ER)L2](-) (E = O, S; L =...
New bis(ene-1,2-dithiolato)-oxido-alcoholato molybdenum(VI) and -oxido-thiolato molybdenum(VI) anionic complexes, denoted as [Mo(VI)O(ER)L2](-) (E = O, S; L = dimethoxycarboxylate-1,2-ethylenedithiolate), were obtained from the reaction of the corresponding dioxido-molybdenum(VI) precursor complex with either an alcohol or a thiol in the presence of an organic acid (e.g., 10-camphorsulfonic acid) at low temperature. The [Mo(VI)O(ER)L2](-) complexes were isolated and characterized, and the structure of [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The Mo(VI) center in [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry with the two ene-1,2-dithiolate ligands being symmetry inequivalent. The computed structure of [Mo(VI)O(SR)L2](-) is essentially identical to that of [Mo(VI)O(OR)L2](-). The electronic structures of the resulting molybdenum(VI) complexes were evaluated using electronic absorption spectroscopy and bonding calculations. The nature of the distorted O(h) geometry in these [Mo(VI)O(EEt)L2](-) complexes results in a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital wave function that possesses strong π* interactions between the Mo(d(xy)) orbital and the cis S(p(z)) orbital localized on one sulfur donor from a single ene-1,2-dithiolate ligand. The presence of a covalent Mo-S(dithiolene) bonding interaction in these monooxido Mo(VI) compounds contributes to their low-energy ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions. A second important d-p π bonding interaction derives from the ∼180° O(oxo)-Mo-E-C dihedral angle involving the alcoholate and thiolate donors, and this contributes to ancillary ligand contributions to the electronic structure of these species. The formation of [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) and [Mo(VI)O(SEt)L2](-) from the dioxidomolybdenum(VI) precursor may be regarded as a model for the active-site formation process that occurs in the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase family of pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes.
Topics: Catalytic Domain; Crystallography, X-Ray; Iron-Sulfur Proteins; Molecular Structure; Molybdenum; Oxidoreductases; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 26816115
DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02395 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024In this study, the multifaceted toxicity induced by high doses of the essential trace element molybdenum in Allium cepa L. was investigated. Germination, root...
In this study, the multifaceted toxicity induced by high doses of the essential trace element molybdenum in Allium cepa L. was investigated. Germination, root elongation, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), Comet assay, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and anatomical parameters were used as biomarkers of toxicity. In addition, detailed correlation and PCA analyzes were performed for all parameters discussed. On the other hand, this study focused on the development of a two hidden layer deep neural network (DNN) using Matlab. Four experimental groups were designed: control group bulbs were germinated in tap water and application group bulbs were germinated with 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L doses of molybdenum for 72 h. After germination, root tips were collected and prepared for analysis. As a result, molybdenum exposure caused a dose-dependent decrease (p < 0.05) in the investigated physiological parameter values, and an increase (p < 0.05) in the cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values. Molybdenum exposure induced different types of CAs and various anatomical damages in root meristem cells. Comet assay results showed that the severity of DNA damage increased depending on the increasing molybdenum dose. Detailed correlation and PCA analysis results determined significant positive and negative interactions between the investigated parameters and confirmed the relationships of these parameters with molybdenum doses. It has been found that the DNN model is in close agreement with the actual data showing the accuracy of the predictions. MAE, MAPE, RMSE and R2 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the DNN model. Collective analysis of these metrics showed that the DNN model performed well. As a result, it has been determined once again that high doses of molybdenum cause multiple toxicity in A. cepa and the Allium test is a reliable universal test for determining this toxicity. Therefore, periodic measurement of molybdenum levels in agricultural soils should be the first priority in preventing molybdenum toxicity.
Topics: Allium; Molybdenum; Plant Roots; Meristem; Onions; Chromosome Aberrations
PubMed: 38622233
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59335-6 -
PloS One 2019We previously synthetized molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanoparticles (NP) and showed their antibacterial activity against a representative collection of the most relevant... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We previously synthetized molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanoparticles (NP) and showed their antibacterial activity against a representative collection of the most relevant bacterial species responsible for hospital-acquired infections, including Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize a novel coating with these MoO3 NP, confirm its mechanical stability, and investigate its biocidal effect to reduce S. aureus contamination on inanimate surfaces. In addition, the novel MoO3 NP coating was compared to a silver (Ag) NP coating synthetized by the same procedure. The MoO3 and Ag NP coatings were characterized in terms of their chemical structure by FT-IR, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties by tensile and adhesion tests. The antimicrobial activity of the coatings was tested by following the loss of viability of S. aureus after 6h, 24h, 48h, and 72h exposure. MoO3 and Ag coatings exhibited surfaces of comparable morphologies and both presented elastomeric properties (tensile strength of ~420 kPa, Young's modulus of ~48 kPa, and maximum elongation of ~12%), and excellent (classification of 5B) adhesion to glass, steel and polystyrene surfaces. The two coatings exhibited a good antibacterial activity (R) against S. aureus over time (RMoO3 = 0.2-0.81; RAg = 0.61-2.37), although the effect of the Ag NP coating was more pronounced, especially at 72h (RMoO3 = 0.81 vs RAg = 2.37). Noteworthy, contrary to the Ag NP coating, the MoO3 NP coating was colourless and transparent, avoiding undesired unaesthetic effects. The synthetized coating with NP of MoO3, which has low toxicity to humans, capability of biodegradation, and rapid excretion, can be applied onto most standard materials and therefore is a promising tool to reduce S. aureus contamination on usual inanimate surfaces found in healthcare and community environments.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Equipment Contamination; Metal Nanoparticles; Molybdenum; Oxides; Silver; Staphylococcus aureus; Surface Properties
PubMed: 30883551
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213151 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Mar 1954
Topics: Enzymes; Molybdenum; Neurospora; Nitrate Reductase; Nitrate Reductases
PubMed: 13152110
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Crystallographica. Section C,... Apr 2022The synthesis and structural determination of two isomers of the molybdenum(II) complex...
The synthesis and structural determination of two isomers of the molybdenum(II) complex (η-but-2-yne)carbonylbis[2-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)benzenethiolato-κN,S]molybdenum(II), [Mo(CHNOS)(CH)(CO)] or Mo(CO)(CMe)(S-Phoz), are presented. The N,N-cis-S,S-trans isomer 1 shows quite different bond lengths to the metal atom [Mo-N = 2.4715 (10) versus 2.3404 (11) Å; Mo-S = 2.4673 (3) versus 2.3665 (3) Å]. In the N,N-trans-S,S-cis isomer 2, which is isotypic with the corresponding W complex, the Mo-N bond lengths [2.236 (2) and 2.203 (2) Å], as well as the Mo-S bond lengths [2.5254 (8) and 2.5297 (8) Å], are almost the same.
Topics: Crystallography, X-Ray; Hydrogen Bonding; Isomerism; Ligands; Molybdenum
PubMed: 35380124
DOI: 10.1107/S2053229622002029 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine May 2019Copper-associated hepatopathy (CAH) is a common cause of liver disease in dogs. Although d-penicillamine can be an effective treatment, some dogs fail treatment or...
BACKGROUND
Copper-associated hepatopathy (CAH) is a common cause of liver disease in dogs. Although d-penicillamine can be an effective treatment, some dogs fail treatment or develop adverse effects. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) has been used to treat pathologic copper accumulation in other species, but its therapeutic potential for CAH is unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate short-term safety and efficacy of TTM for treatment of CAH.
ANIMALS
Ten dogs with CAH.
METHODS
Prospective study. All dogs were treated with TTM PO for 6 weeks, and hepatic biopsies were performed after the treatment course. Dog experiencing initial decreases in hepatic copper concentrations ([Cu] ) received 6 additional weeks of TTM treatment and underwent 1 additional biopsy. Physical and laboratory examinations were performed every 2 weeks for study duration.
RESULTS
Eight of 10 dogs had decreases in [Cu] . Compared to baseline (median, 1606 μg/g; range, 572-5158 μg/g), [Cu] were decreased at 6 weeks (1033 μg/g, 450-2975 μg/g; P = .04) and 12 weeks (931 μg/g, 218-1677 μg/g; P = .02). Hepatic molybdenum concentrations increased >50-fold (P < 0.001). Changes in histologic scores and hematologic and biochemical test results were variable and not significantly different from baseline. One dog developed presumed immune-mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia, but it was unclear if this was related to TTM administration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Results suggest that TTM can effectively decrease [Cu] in some dogs with CAH. Larger studies are needed to determine the overall safety and efficacy of TTM for treating CAH and how it compares with current treatments.
Topics: Anemia; Animals; Biopsy; Chelating Agents; Copper; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hepatitis, Chronic; Liver; Male; Molybdenum; Prospective Studies; Thrombocytopenia
PubMed: 30883912
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15474 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 1985Each of four groups of six wethers were fed one of a low molybdenum, high molybdenum, low molybdenum plus copper sulfate, or high molybdenum plus copper sulfate corn... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Each of four groups of six wethers were fed one of a low molybdenum, high molybdenum, low molybdenum plus copper sulfate, or high molybdenum plus copper sulfate corn silage-based diet for ad libitum intake for 221 days. Average daily gains and ratios of feed/gain were depressed for the high molybdenum diet as compared with the low molybdenum diet suggesting molybdenum toxicity in sheep fed the high molybdenum diet. This was alleviated partly by the copper sulfate supplement. The supplement also decreased solubility of both copper and molybdenum in the rumen but had no effect on copper concentration in blood plasma. Concentration of molybdenum was higher in both liver and kidney in sheep fed high-molybdenum diets as compared with low-molybdenum diets. Copper concentration was higher in kidneys of sheep fed high-molybdenum diets, but no difference was significant in liver copper between sheep fed diets high or low in molybdenum.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Copper; Copper Sulfate; Food, Fortified; Male; Molybdenum; Rumen; Sheep; Solubility; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 3998236
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80906-1 -
Nature Jul 2022Nitrogen (N) fixation by nature, which is a crucial process for the supply of bio-available forms of nitrogen, is performed by nitrogenase. This enzyme uses a unique...
Nitrogen (N) fixation by nature, which is a crucial process for the supply of bio-available forms of nitrogen, is performed by nitrogenase. This enzyme uses a unique transition-metal-sulfur-carbon cluster as its active-site co-factor ([(R-homocitrate)MoFeSC], FeMoco), and the sulfur-surrounded iron (Fe) atoms have been postulated to capture and reduce N (refs. ). Although there are a few examples of synthetic counterparts of the FeMoco, metal-sulfur cluster, which have shown binding of N (refs. ), the reduction of N by any synthetic metal-sulfur cluster or by the extracted form of FeMoco has remained elusive, despite nearly 50 years of research. Here we show that the Fe atoms in our synthetic [MoSFe] cubes can capture a N molecule and catalyse N silylation to form N(SiMe) under treatment with excess sodium and trimethylsilyl chloride. These results exemplify the catalytic silylation of N by a synthetic metal-sulfur cluster and demonstrate the N-reduction capability of Fe atoms in a sulfur-rich environment, which is reminiscent of the ability of FeMoco to bind and activate N.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Carbon; Iron; Molybdenum; Nitrogen; Nitrogenase; Sodium; Sulfur; Tricarboxylic Acids; Trimethylsilyl Compounds
PubMed: 35794270
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04848-1 -
Toxins Nov 2022is a widespread cyanobacteria capable of producing hepatotoxic microcystins. Understanding the environmental factors that influence its growth and toxin production is...
is a widespread cyanobacteria capable of producing hepatotoxic microcystins. Understanding the environmental factors that influence its growth and toxin production is essential to managing the negative effects on freshwater systems. Some micronutrients are important cofactors in cyanobacterial proteins and can influence cyanobacterial growth when availability is limited. However, micronutrient requirements are often species specific, and can be influenced by substitution between metals or by luxury uptake. In this study, was grown in modified growth media that individually excluded some micronutrients (cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum) to assess the effect on growth, toxin production, cell morphology and iron accumulation. growth was limited when iron, cobalt and manganese were excluded from the growth media, whereas the exclusion of copper and molybdenum had no effect on growth. Intracellular microcystin-LR concentrations were variable and were at times elevated in treatments undergoing growth limitation by cobalt. Intracellular iron was notably higher in treatments grown in cobalt-deplete media compared to other treatments possibly due to inhibition or competition for transporters, or due to irons role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Topics: Microcystis; Micronutrients; Manganese; Copper; Molybdenum; Trace Elements; Cyanobacteria; Cobalt
PubMed: 36422986
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110812