-
Microbiological Research May 2022Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi used in fermented foods. They are also natural colorants and food preservatives. Certain metabolites of Monascus spp. lower...
Monascus spp. are filamentous fungi used in fermented foods. They are also natural colorants and food preservatives. Certain metabolites of Monascus spp. lower cholesterol and have other health-promoting effects in humans. In the present study, we demonstrated that the fermentation products of Monascus spp. inhibited ATP synthesis and motility in toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Single-cell tracking and rotation assays on single flagella showed that Monascus fermentation extract (MFE) significantly impaired V. cholerae swimming by disrupting flagellar rotation. A membrane potential-sensitive carbocyanine dye revealed that MFE depolarized the V. cholerae cell membrane which, in turn, lowered the membrane potential and, by extension, restricted ATP synthesis and flagellar rotation. MFE also severely hindered the motility of other pathogenic bacteria such as V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Leptospira interrogans. The foregoing findings indicate that Monascus fermentation extract could potentially preventing infection caused by multiple pathogenic bacteria as the conventional prophylaxes and slow their progression and lower mortality and morbidity.
Topics: Fermentation; Flagella; Humans; Monascus; Salmonella typhimurium; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 35220137
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126995 -
Heliyon Aug 2023are widely used around the world, mainly in purging and removal of endogenous active substances, such as anthraquinone and its derivatives. However, the potential...
are widely used around the world, mainly in purging and removal of endogenous active substances, such as anthraquinone and its derivatives. However, the potential toxicity of anthraquinones to the liver, kidney, and intestinal limits the application of . In this study, we aimed at safe regulation of to degrade anthraquinones, boosting medicinal properties and reducing toxicity and potency with fermentation strains H1102 for fermentation were selected as the initial strain which was capable of producing high yields of functional pigment and low yields of hazardous citrinin. The anthraquinone degradation rate reached 41.2%, with 212.2 U mL of the pigment and approximately 0.038 mg L of the citrinin under optimal fermentation conditions followed by response surface streamlining, which met the requirements of reducing toxicity, increasing efficiency of fermented . Furthermore, the culture had no observable toxic effect on HK-2 and L-02 cells and further inhibited cell apoptosis and necrosis. Overall, our results showed that fermentation could provide an alternative strategy for toxicity reduction of herbal medicines as well as efficacy enhancement.
PubMed: 37560635
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18735 -
Current Research in Food Science 2022The exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by the edible medicinal fungus (EMP) become the center of growing interest due to their techno-functional properties and their...
The exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by the edible medicinal fungus (EMP) become the center of growing interest due to their techno-functional properties and their numerous applications in the food industries; however, the low EPS yields limit its application. In this study, the effect of genistein supplementation on the production, rheological and antioxidant properties of EPS by . and its biosynthesis mechanism were explored. The results indicated that the addition of genistein (3 g/L) generated a 110% and 59% increase in the maximum mycelial biomass and EPS yield, respectively. The genistein supplementation group (G-EMP) had higher molar percentages of Xyl and Man, and significantly decreased molecule weight and particle size of EPS, which resulted in stronger antioxidant effect and cell growth promotion. Rheological analysis showed that both EMP and G-EMP demonstrated pseudoplastic fluid behavior and G-EMP exhibited strong gel-like elastic behavior (G' > G"). Furthermore, genistein not only facilitated the production of EPS by regulating cell membrane permeability, enhancing cellular respiratory metabolism and monosaccharide precursor synthesis pathways, and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity to reduce oxidative stress damage, but also affected the composition of the monosaccharides by increasing enzyme activity in the underlying synthesis pathways. These findings expand the application of . resources and provide a paradigm for future study of the structural and functional characteristics of EPS.
PubMed: 36425595
DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.011 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2018Yellow pigments can be of two kinds: Natural and reduced, in which natural yellow pigments (NYMPs) attract widespread attention for their bioactivities. In this study,...
Yellow pigments can be of two kinds: Natural and reduced, in which natural yellow pigments (NYMPs) attract widespread attention for their bioactivities. In this study, the antioxidative and antibreast cancer effects of the water-soluble NYMPs fermented by CGMCC 10910 were evaluated. Results showed that water-soluble NYMPs had a significantly improved antioxidative activities compared to the reduced yellow pigments (RYMPs) that were chemically derived from orange or red pigments. Furthermore, NYMPs exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition activity on MCF-7 cell growth ( < 0.001). After a 48-h incubation, a 26.52% inhibition yield was determined with 32 μg/mL of NYMPs. NYMPs also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells. Mechanisms of the activities were associated with a down-regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor. Rather than being alternatively used as natural colorants or antioxidants, this work suggested that NYMPs could be selected as potential functional additives in further test of breast cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Fermentation; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Monascus; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Picrates; Pigments, Biological; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Water
PubMed: 30544614
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123242 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar... Dec 2021Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant, fat-soluble component present in the mitochondrial cells. It provides beneficial results in the treatment of male infertility. In... (Review)
Review
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant, fat-soluble component present in the mitochondrial cells. It provides beneficial results in the treatment of male infertility. In the current scenario, the sedative lifestyle, diet and stress in human lead to excessive free radicals (ROS), leading to health aliments. The review is conducted to compare the effect of different fortification methods of CoQ10 in the Yogurt. The study showed that nanoparticles form of CoQ10 in yogurt showed higher bioaccesiblity rates in humans, and the microencapsulation of CoQ10 showed a low amount of Ubiquinone released during its shelf life. The functional Yogurt produced by the Monascus-fermented soybean powder (MFSP) co-fermentation has been shown to have high free radicals scavenging activity. Thus, the review observes that each fortified sample is useful in its way as CoQ10 supplements. Further studies must be done for accurate conclusions on its effect on male infertility, and other fortification media can be explored.
Topics: Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Food, Fortified; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Ubiquinone; Yogurt
PubMed: 34879466
DOI: 10.52586/S557 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Investigating the microbial communities and biogenic amine (BA) formation in silage is of vital for improving the quality and safety of oat silage. The present study...
Investigating the microbial communities and biogenic amine (BA) formation in silage is of vital for improving the quality and safety of oat silage. The present study evaluated the effects of propionic acid (P) and sodium benzoate (SB) on the quality properties, microbial communities, and BA formation in oat silage. Oat was harvested at boot stage and ensiled using P and SB as additives in mini silos, followed by 14 days of aerobic exposure. The results showed that P and SB improved fermentation quality of oat silage, increased the lactic acid content, and decreased pH value and ammonia nitrogen content. Putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were the dominant BAs in oat silage; spermidine and spermine were not detected. The control silage had the highest content of total biogenic amine (TBA, 2506.7 mg kg DM), and decreased by 51.1 and 57.7% after adding P and SB, respectively. Moreover, a lower putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine content and undesirable microbes, such as , , , and genera, were observed in P and SB silages, which was beneficial for oat silage quality. The fungal community of P silage was dominated by , and the temperature, pH and ammonia nitrogen content increased after exposure to air. , , , , and were found to be positively correlated with BA formation in oat silage. Overall, P and SB effectively inhibit the undesirable microbes and BA formation in oat silage, the P silage exhibited lower aerobic stability than the SB silage.
PubMed: 34819922
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750920 -
Botanical Studies Jul 2022Medical plants confer various benefits to human health and their bioconversion through microbial fermentation can increase efficacy, reduce toxicity, conserve resources...
BACKGROUND
Medical plants confer various benefits to human health and their bioconversion through microbial fermentation can increase efficacy, reduce toxicity, conserve resources and produce new chemical components. In this study, the cholesterol-lowering monacolin K genes and content produced by Monascus species were identified. The high-yield monacolin K strain further fermented with various medicinal plants. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, red pigment and monacolin K content, total phenolic content, and metabolites in the fermented products were analyzed.
RESULTS
Monacolin K was detected in Monascus pilosus (BCRC 38072), and Monascus ruber (BCRC 31533, 31523, 31534, 31535, and 33323). It responded to the highly homologous mokA and mokE genes encoding polyketide synthase and dehydrogenase. The high-yield monacolin K strain, M. ruber BCRC 31535, was used for fermentation with various medicinal plants. A positive relationship between the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the fermented products was observed after 60 days of fermentation, and both declined after 120 days of fermentation. By contrast, red pigment and monacolin K accumulated over time during fermentation, and the highest monacolin K content was observed in the fermentation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, as confirmed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, Monascus-fermented medicinal plants including Paeonia lactiflora, Alpinia oxyphylla, G. uralensis, and rice were not cytotoxic. Only the product of Monascus-fermented G. uralensis significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. The metabolites of G. uralensis with and without fermentation (60 days) were compared by LC/MS. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate were considered to enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability.
CONCLUSIONS
Given that highly homologous monacolin K and citrinin genes can be observed in Monascus spp., monacolin K produced by Monascus species without citrinin genes can be detected through the complementary methods of PCR and HPLC. In addition, the optimal fermentation time was important to the acquisition of antioxidants, red pigment and monacolin K. These bioactive substances were significantly affected by medicinal plants over fermentation time. Consequently, Monascus-fermented G. uralensis had a broad spectrum of biological activities.
PubMed: 35779152
DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00351-y -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2016Monascus Adlay (MA) prepared from fungal fermentation of Monascus purpureus inoculating with cooked adlay contains high content of monakolin K (MK) and phenolic...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Monascus Adlay (MA) prepared from fungal fermentation of Monascus purpureus inoculating with cooked adlay contains high content of monakolin K (MK) and phenolic compounds. We explored whether MA and MK improve FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis in rats.
METHODS
The rats were divided into control, FeCl3-treated rat carotid artery occlusion (TTO), TTO determined with one-week MA, and TTO determined with one-week MK. We compared MA or MK effects on oxidative stress by chemiluminescence amplification and immunohistochemistry, TTO by a transonic system, NFκB, ICAM-1, endoplasmic reticulum stress CHOP and Nrf2 signaling by western blotting.
RESULTS
MA or MK efficiently depressed O2-, H2O2 and HOCl levels, platelet activation and aggregation and H2O2-enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in the endothelial cells. FeCl3 significantly increased NFκB p65, 3-nitrotyrosine, CHOP and ICAM-1 expression, and decreased nuclear Nrf2 translocation and induces arterial thrombus formation. MA or MK pretreatment significantly elongated the level of FeCl3-induced TTO compared to TTO group, significantly decreased proinflammatory NF-κB/ICAM-1 signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress CHOP expression and decreased thrombotic area. MA or MK significantly preserved nuclear Nrf2 translocation. MA and MK exerted a similar protective effect in attenuating thrombus formation.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest MA is better than MK to improve FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis.
Topics: Animals; Carotid Arteries; Chlorides; Ferric Compounds; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Lovastatin; Monascus; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Rats; Thrombosis
PubMed: 27838691
DOI: 10.1159/000452584 -
PloS One 2022Monascus is a filamentous fungus that is widely used for producing Monascus pigments in the food industry in Southeast Asia. While the development of bioinformatics has...
Analysis of secondary metabolite gene clusters and chitin biosynthesis pathways of Monascus purpureus with high production of pigment and citrinin based on whole-genome sequencing.
Monascus is a filamentous fungus that is widely used for producing Monascus pigments in the food industry in Southeast Asia. While the development of bioinformatics has helped elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying metabolic engineering of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, the biological information on the metabolic engineering of the morphology of Monascus remains unclear. In this study, the whole genome of M. purpureus CSU-M183 strain was sequenced using combined single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing platforms. The length of the genome assembly was 23.75 Mb in size with a GC content of 49.13%, 69 genomic contigs and encoded 7305 putative predicted genes. In addition, we identified the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and the chitin synthesis pathway in the genome of the high pigment-producing M. purpureus CSU-M183 strain. Furthermore, it is shown that the expression levels of most Monascus pigment and citrinin clusters located genes were significantly enhanced via atmospheric room temperature plasma mutagenesis. The results provide a basis for understanding the secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and constructing the metabolic engineering of the morphology of Monascus.
Topics: Chitin; Citrinin; Monascus; Multigene Family; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 35648754
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263905 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2023Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments cause potential source of cross-contamination to foodstuffs; hence, the control of biofilm is...
Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments cause potential source of cross-contamination to foodstuffs; hence, the control of biofilm is currently addressed to find effective solutions for preventing biofilm formation or eliminating the established one. Forty-five strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Pangasius fish-processing plants were studied for their capability to form a biofilm on 96-well microtiter plate by using the conventional crystal violet staining. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of biofilm formation by food additives including monascus pigment and ε-polylysine was examined. The average OD value showing biofilm mass of all 45 strains L. monocytogenes increased with an increasing temperature and time (p < 0.05). Monascus pigment and ε-polylysine significantly decreased biofilm formation by 80 ± 5.5% and 20 ± 5.9%, respectively, at the tested concentration (p < 0.05) Further, the effects of lysozyme (0.1 mg/mL) alone or in combination with slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) with 40 mg/L available chlorine or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with 100 mg/L available chlorine against 7-d established biofilm of L. monocytogenes were investigated. The results indicated that slightly acidic hypochlorous water alone exhibited significant antibacterial activity (p < 0.05), decreasing the viable count by 5.2 ± 0.5 log CFU/mL. It seems that sequential treatment of lysozyme and SAHW showed an additional efficacy against biofilm of L. monocytogenes on polystyrene plate surface, reducing 70% of biomass of biofilm and 7.6 ± 0.3 log of biofilm viable cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, SAHW exhibited greater bactericidal activity against viable biofilm cells than NaOCl did. This result reveals that SAHW is a promising disinfectant agent against L. monocytogenes and the potential alternative to NaOCl in practice.
Topics: Animals; Listeria monocytogenes; Muramidase; Chlorine; Polylysine; Stainless Steel; Biofilms; Catfishes; Water; Colony Count, Microbial
PubMed: 36916551
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100044