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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jul 2014Many clinicians regard tuberculosis as an adult pulmonary disease, but tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, and death in... (Review)
Review
Many clinicians regard tuberculosis as an adult pulmonary disease, but tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, and death in young children from TB-endemic countries, especially in areas affected by poverty, social disruption, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This article reviews the disease burden and the natural history of disease in children with TB. It also provides guidance regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB in children.
Topics: Child; Global Health; Humans; Morbidity; Poverty; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 25037105
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017855 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jan 2012In this paper, we review the epidemiological evidence on the relationship between ambient temperature and morbidity. We assessed the methodological issues in previous... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
In this paper, we review the epidemiological evidence on the relationship between ambient temperature and morbidity. We assessed the methodological issues in previous studies and proposed future research directions.
DATA SOURCES AND DATA EXTRACTION
We searched the PubMed database for epidemiological studies on ambient temperature and morbidity of noncommunicable diseases published in refereed English journals before 30 June 2010. Forty relevant studies were identified. Of these, 24 examined the relationship between ambient temperature and morbidity, 15 investigated the short-term effects of heat wave on morbidity, and 1 assessed both temperature and heat wave effects.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Descriptive and time-series studies were the two main research designs used to investigate the temperature-morbidity relationship. Measurements of temperature exposure and health outcomes used in these studies differed widely. The majority of studies reported a significant relationship between ambient temperature and total or cause-specific morbidities. However, there were some inconsistencies in the direction and magnitude of nonlinear lag effects. The lag effect of hot temperature on morbidity was shorter (several days) compared with that of cold temperature (up to a few weeks). The temperature-morbidity relationship may be confounded or modified by sociodemographic factors and air pollution.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a significant short-term effect of ambient temperature on total and cause-specific morbidities. However, further research is needed to determine an appropriate temperature measure, consider a diverse range of morbidities, and to use consistent methodology to make different studies more comparable.
Topics: Climate Change; Epidemiologic Studies; Heat Stress Disorders; Hospitalization; Hot Temperature; Humans; Morbidity
PubMed: 21824855
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003198 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Sep 2021The number of adults living with diabetes has increased substantially globally over the past 40 years, driven by a combination of increased age-standardized prevalence,... (Review)
Review
The number of adults living with diabetes has increased substantially globally over the past 40 years, driven by a combination of increased age-standardized prevalence, population growth, aging, and increases in obesity prevalence. Patients with diabetes in high-income countries are living longer, with large declines in vascular disease mortality rates. This appears to be resulting in a diversification of cause of death, complications, and comorbidities that those with diabetes live with. This has large implications for prevention and management approaches, which should be reviewed to update the breadth of conditions that patients with diabetes are at excess risk of throughout their life. These trends have not yet been seen in low- and middle-income countries, where evidence is also more scarce.
Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Morbidity; Mortality; Obesity; Prevalence
PubMed: 34399950
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.001 -
Topics in Spinal Cord Injury... 2022Individuals living with cerebral palsy (CP) or spina bifida (SB) are at heightened risk for chronic health conditions that may develop or be influenced by the impairment...
BACKGROUND
Individuals living with cerebral palsy (CP) or spina bifida (SB) are at heightened risk for chronic health conditions that may develop or be influenced by the impairment and/or the process of aging.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of and adjusted hazards for musculoskeletal (MSK) morbidities among adults living with and without CP or SB.
METHODS
A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study was conducted among adults living with ( = 15,302) CP or SB and without ( = 1,935,480) CP or SB. Incidence estimates of common MSK morbidities were compared at 4 years of enrollment. Survival models were used to quantify unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for incident MSK morbidities. The analyses were performed in 2019 to 2020.
RESULTS
Adults living with CP or SB had a higher 4-year incidence of MSK morbidity (55.3% vs. 39.0%) as compared to adults without CP or SB, and differences were to a clinically meaningful extent. Fully adjusted survival models demonstrated that adults with CP or SB had a greater hazard for all MSK disorders; this ranged from hazard ratio (HR) 1.40 (95% CI, 1.33 to 1.48) for myalgia to HR 3.23 (95% CI, 3.09 to 3.38) for sarcopenia and weakness.
CONCLUSION
Adults with CP or SB have a significantly higher incidence of and risk for common MSK morbidities as compared to adults without CP or SB. Efforts are needed to facilitate the development of improved clinical screening algorithms and early interventions to reduce risk of MSK disease onset/progression in these higher risk populations.
Topics: Adult; Cerebral Palsy; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Morbidity; Retrospective Studies; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Dysraphism
PubMed: 36017121
DOI: 10.46292/sci21-00078 -
Psychological Medicine Mar 2021Very little is known about the risk of developing psychological morbidities among adults living with cerebral palsy (CP) or spina bifida (SB). The objective of this...
BACKGROUND
Very little is known about the risk of developing psychological morbidities among adults living with cerebral palsy (CP) or spina bifida (SB). The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of and adjusted hazards for psychological morbidities among adults with and without CP or SB.
METHODS
Privately insured beneficiaries were included if they had an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic code for CP or SB (n = 15 302). Adults without CP or SB were also included (n = 1 935 480). Incidence estimates of common psychological morbidities were compared at 4-years of enrollment. Survival models were used to quantify unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for incident psychological morbidities.
RESULTS
Adults living with CP or SB had a higher 4-year incidence of any psychological morbidity (38.8% v. 24.2%) as compared to adults without CP or SB, and differences were to a clinically meaningful extent. Fully adjusted survival models demonstrated that adults with CP or SB had a greater hazard for any psychological morbidity [hazard ratio (HR): 1.60; 95% CI 1.55-1.65], and all but one psychological disorder (alcohol-related disorders), and ranged from HR: 1.32 (1.23, 1.42) for substance disorders, to HR: 4.12 (3.24, 5.25) for impulse control disorders.
CONCLUSIONS
Adults with CP or SB have a significantly higher incidence of and risk for common psychological morbidities, as compared to adults without CP or SB. Efforts are needed to facilitate the development of improved clinical screening algorithms and early interventions to reduce the risk of disease onset/progression in these higher-risk populations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cerebral Palsy; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Spinal Dysraphism; Young Adult
PubMed: 32713401
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291720001981 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2022Calf morbidity and mortality are major constraints in Ethiopian cattle production that severely limit available replacement stock. Calf morbidity and mortality reports...
BACKGROUND
Calf morbidity and mortality are major constraints in Ethiopian cattle production that severely limit available replacement stock. Calf morbidity and mortality reports in Ethiopia mostly focus on market-oriented dairy production systems. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in central Ethiopia with the objectives of estimating the magnitude of calf morbidity and mortality across three production systems and contributing risk factors.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted at pastoral, mixed-crop livestock, and dairy farms in central Ethiopia from February 2019 to June 2019 to collect 1-year retrospective and cross-sectional data on calf morbidity and mortality from smallholder farmers using a structured questionnaire.
RESULTS
A total of 293 smallholder farmers were involved in the study. Among the households interviewed, 83% of respondents encountered feed shortages in the year prior to this study. The overall annual calf morbidity prevalence and mortality rate were 6.49% (95% CI: 4.87-8.44) and 10% (95% CI: 8.28-11.93), respectively. Morbidity was higher in Dalocha and Sululta districts in mixed crop-livestock and peri-urban production systems, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors indicated that calf morbidity was associated with the calf and dam body condition score (BCS). Calves with BCS of 3 (medium) were less likely to be morbid (odds ratio [OR]: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.07-0.56]) than calves with BCS of 1 (emaciated), and calves born from dams with a body condition score of 2 (thin) were also at lower risk (OR: 0.25 [95% CI: 0.07-0.95]) than calves born from emaciated dams. The odds of calf mortality in Awash Fentale district were higher (OR: 6.19 [95% CI: 2.09-18.32]) compared to Sululta district.
CONCLUSIONS
The study results revealed that the production system and management affect the magnitude of calf morbidity and mortality. We recommend improving water and feed access and resources for livestock owners to reduce calf morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Farms; Livestock; Morbidity; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Water
PubMed: 35810461
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.877 -
The European Respiratory Journal Oct 2014The world's population is ageing and an important part of this demographic shift is the development of chronic illness. In short, a person who does not die of acute... (Review)
Review
The world's population is ageing and an important part of this demographic shift is the development of chronic illness. In short, a person who does not die of acute illnesses, such as infections, and survives with chronic illnesses is more likely to develop additional chronic illnesses. Chronic respiratory diseases are an important component of these diseases associated with ageing. This article reviews the relationship between ageing and chronic respiratory disease, and also how certain chronic diseases cluster with others, either on the basis of underlying risk factors, complication of the primary disease or other factors, such as an increased state of inflammation. While death is inevitable, disabling chronic illnesses are not. Better understanding of how individuals can age healthily without the development of multiple chronic illnesses should lead to an improved global quality of life.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Morbidity; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 25142482
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00059814 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2019Previous studies have shown there are no consistent and robust associations between socioeconomic status and morbidity rates. This study focuses on the relationship...
Previous studies have shown there are no consistent and robust associations between socioeconomic status and morbidity rates. This study focuses on the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the morbidity rates in China, which helps to add new evidence for the fragmentary relationship between socioeconomic status and morbidity rates. The (NHSS) and (CHARLS) data are used to examine whether the association holds in both all-age cohorts and in older only cohorts. Three morbidity outcomes (two-week incidence rate, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and the number of sick days per thousand people) and two socioeconomic status indicators (income and education) are mainly examined. The results indicate that there are quadratic relationships between income per capita and morbidities. This non-linear correlation is similar to the patterns in European countries. Meanwhile, there is no association between education years and the morbidity in China, i.e., either two-week incidence rate or prevalence rate of chronic diseases has no statistically significant relationship with the education level in China.
Topics: China; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Morbidity; National Health Programs; Prevalence; Retirement; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 30646540
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020215 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Jan 2014Smoking is still considered to be mainly a male problem. However, it is estimated that there are approximately 250 million women worldwide who smoke cigarettes and... (Review)
Review
Smoking is still considered to be mainly a male problem. However, it is estimated that there are approximately 250 million women worldwide who smoke cigarettes and millions more women who use smokeless tobacco products. This article addresses the many facets of tobacco use among women. The aim of the paper is to increase recognition among clinicians and researchers of the specific characteristics of female tobacco use. Together with providing epidemiological data on the distribution of tobacco use among women and data from population-based analyses on sociocultural factors that influence it, the article presents tobacco use during pregnancy as a particularly important public health problem. Further, the article points out sex-related differences (ie, physiological, psychological, or behavioral) between male and female tobacco use. A special focus is on the important role of ovarian hormones. Adverse effects of tobacco use to women and their children as well as tobacco-related morbidities and comorbidities are presented, and women's greater susceptibility to tobacco constituents as compared to men is stressed. Awareness of these differences can contribute to improvement of the effectiveness of smoking cessation programs addressed both to the specific female population and to an individual smoking woman.
Topics: Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Morbidity; Ovary; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Sociological Factors; Tobacco Use; Tobacco Use Cessation; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 24487778
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.889796 -
ESC Heart Failure Dec 2018In an aging population, the number of patients affected by heart failure and cancer is constantly increasing and together these two conditions account for more than 50%... (Review)
Review
In an aging population, the number of patients affected by heart failure and cancer is constantly increasing and together these two conditions account for more than 50% of all deaths worldwide. Both diseases share similar risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Presenting symptoms may also be similar, with patients frequently complaining of dyspnea, fatigue, and anorexia. Many affected patients, especially those with more advanced heart failure or cancer, suffer also from metabolic disorders. These can lead eventually to muscle wasting, sarcopenia, and cachexia. These complications are associated with increased morbidity, a poorer quality of life, a worse prognosis and indeed they represent an independent risk factor for the advancement of the underlying disease itself. Very few therapeutic options have been established to treat these co-morbidities. For sarcopenia the only validated treatment is resistance training. Moreover, there is currently no guideline recommended therapy for the treatment of cachexia. New treatment strategies are urgently needed to prevent and treat muscle and wasting disorders in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer and chronic heart failure.
Topics: Global Health; Heart Failure; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Morbidity; Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 30570226
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12389