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Medicina Sep 2023Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted interests, and stereotyped behaviors. Frequently... (Review)
Review
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted interests, and stereotyped behaviors. Frequently associated with sensory dysfunction, other neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy and/or sleep disorders. This condition will accompany people throughout their lives, which will generate various support and treatment needs. Although there are no drugs that modify the core symptoms of autism, various drugs have shown their usefulness in associated conditions. Atypical antipsychotics for hyperactivity, impulsivity, agitation, auto or heteroaggression crises. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, to decrease anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and irritability/agitation. Stimulants and atomoxetine used for hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Clonidine and guanfacine show some efficacy on hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviors. Buspirone has been used for restrictive behaviors and anxiety. There are drugs in the research phase such as oxytocin, vasopressin and even some developed for specific entities related to autism such as arbaclofen in Fragile X and Trofinetide that has just been approved for use in Rett syndrome. As specific entities and their pathophysiology are identified, it is likely that tailored treatments will be developed for each entity associated with autism..
Topics: Humans; Autistic Disorder; Stereotyped Behavior; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Autism Spectrum Disorder
PubMed: 37714122
DOI: No ID Found -
Autism : the International Journal of... Nov 2023The way autism is represented in fictional media can impact people's views of autistic people. For example, representations may contribute to negative views of autistic... (Review)
Review
The way autism is represented in fictional media can impact people's views of autistic people. For example, representations may contribute to negative views of autistic people as being unusual or dangerous, or they may challenge stereotypes and instead highlight the strengths of autistic people. This work aimed to review previous research to understand how autistic people have been represented in fictional media (Part A). It also sought to understand whether viewing fictional portrayals of autism has an impact on people's knowledge of autism and attitudes towards autistic people (Part B). Of 14 studies that were included in Part A, several unhelpful and stereotypical portrayals of autism emerged. Positive portrayals were those that highlighted the strengths of autistic people and reflected nuance. There is a need for greater diversity in representation of autism in fictional media. For example, not all autistic people are white heterosexual males. Across the five studies included in Part B, there were no improvements in people's knowledge of autism after watching or reading a short segment from a fictional TV series or novel that depicts an autistic person. Although there was a significant improvement in people's attitudes towards autistic people, these findings do not provide a complete picture given the short length of the media exposure and small number of studies. Future studies should investigate how multiple exposures to the representation of autistic people in both fictional and non-fictional sources can affect people's understanding of autism. There is also a need to develop more accurate and respectful ways of measuring people's knowledge of, and attitudes towards, autism.
Topics: Male; Humans; Autistic Disorder; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Stereotyped Behavior; Respect; Stereotypic Movement Disorder
PubMed: 36802826
DOI: 10.1177/13623613231155770 -
Medicina Aug 2022Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted interests, and stereotyped behaviors. It is often...
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted interests, and stereotyped behaviors. It is often associated with sensory dysfunctions, other neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy and/or sleep disorders. This condition will accompany people throughout their lives, with variations in its evolution. In the last ten years, only 1% of all autism research focused on developing post-secondary education programs and training in adult health services. Taking into account this dichotomy of interests, we must think about the different stages of life, such as early intervention, school inclusion, bullying, associated mental and medical disorders, lack of group belonging, job opportunities and the aging. Only by becoming aware of each of them can we achieve a better quality of life for people with autism and their families.
Topics: Adult; Aging; Autistic Disorder; Epilepsy; Humans; Quality of Life; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 36054849
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Biology Feb 2018The need for high-throughput, precise, and meaningful methods for measuring behavior has been amplified by our recent successes in measuring and manipulating neural... (Review)
Review
The need for high-throughput, precise, and meaningful methods for measuring behavior has been amplified by our recent successes in measuring and manipulating neural circuitry. The largest challenges associated with moving in this direction, however, are not technical but are instead conceptual: what numbers should one put on the movements an animal is performing (or not performing)? In this review, I will describe how theoretical and data analytical ideas are interfacing with recently-developed computational and experimental methodologies to answer these questions across a variety of contexts, length scales, and time scales. I will attempt to highlight commonalities between approaches and areas where further advances are necessary to place behavior on the same quantitative footing as other scientific fields.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Locomotion; Nerve Net; Posture; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 29475451
DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0494-7 -
American Journal of Primatology Jan 2017The field of primate behavior management has had only limited success in preventing and treating abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypy and self-injury, in captive... (Review)
Review
The field of primate behavior management has had only limited success in preventing and treating abnormal behaviors, such as stereotypy and self-injury, in captive non-human primates (NHP). In contrast, applied behavior analysts have had great success in treating similar topographies of behavior in human clinical settings. By adapting and adopting the behavioral principles and methodologies commonly used by applied behavior analysts, primatologists may be able to develop more effective ways to analyze, reduce, and prevent these aberrant behaviors in NHP. This article reviews studies that have used behavior analytic techniques to successfully address problem behaviors in NHP. Additionally, relevant literature from the field of applied behavior analysis is reviewed to illustrate how adopting a theoretical framework that emphasizes the determination of the underlying operant functions of behavior could lead to new behavioral technologies and advance the field of captive primate management. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22500, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Primates; Self-Injurious Behavior; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 26539749
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22500 -
Medicina Mar 2024Autism is a neurobiologically based neurodevelopmental disorder with high prevalence and a clear predominance in males. It is characterized by deficits in social...
Autism is a neurobiologically based neurodevelopmental disorder with high prevalence and a clear predominance in males. It is characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted interests, and stereotyped behaviors, frequently associated with sensory dysfunction others neurodevelopmental conditions, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and/or sleep disorders. This condition will accompany people throughout their lives, which will generate various support and treatment needs. People with autism often need to "fit in" and for this they use techniques such as camouflage, also called masking. This attitude has been observed in people with typical development and in people with autism in childhood, adolescence and adult life, although in autistic people this behavior is more intense and takes longer and with more frequency and intensity in autistic adult women. This could explain the underreporting of autism, the later diagnosis, the delay in the therapeutic approach, and the greater presence of anxiety and depression disorders related to the effort that "appearing normal" implies. Even though camouflage people appear to be "normal" and fit in perfectly, this is not an attitude that we should promote and, on the contrary, it is imperativeto work to improve the environment and the understanding of each person. In this paper we will analyze the clinical aspects, their relationship with age, sex, and ways of detecting it.
Topics: Male; Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Female; Autistic Disorder; Stereotyped Behavior; Communication; Anxiety Disorders; Anxiety
PubMed: 38350623
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jan 1996
Topics: Female; Homicide; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 8555851
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7022.2 -
Developmental Neurorehabilitation Jul 2022Psychotropic medication is often prescribed to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities who engage in challenging and other behavior (e.g.,...
INTRODUCTION
Psychotropic medication is often prescribed to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities who engage in challenging and other behavior (e.g., aggression and stereotypy, respectively), but there is limited understanding of the effects of these medications on behavior.
OBJECTIVE
Within the context of a larger study that evaluated the effects of psychotropic medication regimen changes on the presentation of challenging behavior, this study describes the presentation of stereotypic behavior of three individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
METHODS
Stereotypy was measured during weekly, one-hour, direct observations and during the control and ignore conditions of functional analyses of challenging behavior (which were conducted following changes in psychotropic medication regimens).
RESULTS
Patterns of stereotypy varied over time, but not significantly, and at times seemed to coincide with medication changes.
DISCUSSION
Our results suggest stereotypy persists throughout adulthood; however, additional research is needed.
Topics: Adult; Aggression; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Humans; Psychotropic Drugs; Stereotyped Behavior; Stereotypic Movement Disorder
PubMed: 34865596
DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2021.2011461 -
Brain Research Bulletin Jul 2022Assess the impact the force-plate actometer, invented by Stephen C. Fowler, has had on behavioral neuroscience so far and what may be possible for future progress. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Assess the impact the force-plate actometer, invented by Stephen C. Fowler, has had on behavioral neuroscience so far and what may be possible for future progress.
METHODS
The web service Scopus was queried on April 28, 2021 for articles that cited the Journal of Neuroscience Methods paper titled "A force-plate actometer for quantitating rodent behaviors: illustrative data on locomotion, rotation, spatial patterning, stereotypies, and tremor" resulting in 134 articles. Articles were coded by the author for type (e.g., research, review, book chapter), phenomenon (e.g., stress, addiction), intervention (e.g., pharmacological), and measure (e.g., distance traveled, tremor).
CONCLUSIONS
Of the 134 citations, 116 were research articles, 10 were review articles, 7 were book chapters and one was an advertisement. The force-plate actometer has been used to study a variety of phenomena and its measurement capabilities were expanded. While primarily used for rats and mice, other species have been used.
Topics: Animals; Bibliometrics; Locomotion; Mice; Neurosciences; Rats; Stereotyped Behavior; Tremor
PubMed: 35472566
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.009 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Mar 2019Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked genetic disorder that occurs predominantly in females. The clinical picture associated with RTT is defined by core and supportive... (Review)
Review
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked genetic disorder that occurs predominantly in females. The clinical picture associated with RTT is defined by core and supportive consensus criteria, with a period of behavioural regression being a conditio sine qua non. This review sheds light on atypical neurofunctions and potential behavioural biomarkers before the onset of regression. The main focus lies on (a) motor development, especially on purposeful hand movements and the occurrence of stereotypies; and (b) speech-language and socio-communicative development. We outline potentially specific atypical behavioural patterns in these domains (e.g., vocalisations on inspiratory airstream) and different developmental traits of regression: (i) non-achievement of certain milestones: 'regression', here, might point to the fact that the lack of respective behavioural patterns appeared more and more worrisome with increasing age; and (ii) developmental milestones were achieved and functions deteriorate or even get lost during regression. To conclude, we are not quite there yet, but seem to be on the right track towards defining new and reliable neurofunctional markers for early detection of RTT.
Topics: Communication Disorders; Humans; Nonverbal Communication; Phenotype; Rett Syndrome; Social Behavior; Stereotyped Behavior
PubMed: 30832924
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.028