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Journal of Virology Apr 2023Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In the last decade, we have encountered repeated outbreaks of mumps in highly vaccinated...
Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In the last decade, we have encountered repeated outbreaks of mumps in highly vaccinated populations, which call into question the effectiveness of available vaccines. Animal models are crucial for understanding virus-host interactions, and viruses such as mumps virus (MuV), whose only natural host is the human, pose a particular challenge. In our study, we examined the interaction between MuV and the guinea pig. Our results present the first evidence that guinea pigs of the Hartley strain can be infected after intranasal and intratesticular inoculation. We observed a significant viral replication in infected tissues up to 5 days following infection and induction of cellular and humoral immune responses as well as histopathological changes in infected lungs and testicles, without clinical signs of disease. Transmission of the infection through direct contact between animals was not possible. Our results demonstrate that guinea pigs and guinea pig primary cell cultures represent a promising model for immunological and pathogenetic studies of the complex MuV infection. Understanding of mumps virus (MuV) pathogenesis and the immune responses against MuV infection is limited. One of the reasons is the lack of relevant animal models. This study explores the interaction between MuV and the guinea pig. We demonstrated that all tested guinea pig tissue homogenates and primary cell cultures are highly susceptible to MuV infection and that α2,3-sialylated glycans (MuV cellular receptors) are being abundantly expressed at their surface. The virus remains in the guinea pig lungs and trachea for up to 4 days following intranasal infection. Although asymptomatic, MuV infection strongly activates both humoral and cellular immune response in infected animals and provides protection against virus challenge. Infection of the lungs and testicles after intranasal and intratesticular inoculation, respectively, is also supported by histopathological changes in these organs. Our findings give perspective for application of guinea pigs in research on MuV pathogenesis, antiviral response, and vaccine development and testing.
Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Virus Replication; Cells, Cultured; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Lung; Testis
PubMed: 37017528
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00359-23 -
Science Progress 2022Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against... (Review)
Review
Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against COVID-19 remains to be of high importance. "Trained immunity" is the nonspecific immune response usually established through administering live attenuated vaccines and is a potential preventive tool against unrelated infections. Evidence regarding a possible protective role for certain live attenuated vaccines against COVID-19 has emerged mainly for those administered as part of childhood vaccination protocols. This review summarizes the relevant literature about the potential impact of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines on COVID-19. Existing available data suggest a potential role for BCG and MMR in reducing COVID-19 casualties and burden. However, more investigation and comparative studies are required for a better understanding of their impact on COVID-19 outcomes.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 35848578
DOI: 10.1177/00368504221105172 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jul 2021The first Attenuated rubella vaccine was developed by Parkman and Meyer in 1966. Ten years later in the 1975s, the rubella vaccine was developed in Razi Vaccine and... (Review)
Review
The first Attenuated rubella vaccine was developed by Parkman and Meyer in 1966. Ten years later in the 1975s, the rubella vaccine was developed in Razi Vaccine and serum research institute) RVSRI). In 1977, the rubella TAKAHASHI vaccine successfully passed the clinical trial and was initially used voluntarily only in the private sector. Since 1987, the administration of rubella as MMR (Measles/AIK-C; Rubella/TAKAHASHI; Mumps/HOSHINO) strain vaccine has been included in the immunization program in Iran. This review article focused on the development and production of the rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine in RVSRI. The herd immunity and rubella cases were investigated in the pre- and post-vaccine era. The effectiveness and proper coverage of the rubella vaccine led to the elimination of rubella from Iran in 2019. The current study aimed to assess local rubella vaccine manufacturing and its consequences on rubella elimination from Iran, using various search engines. A complete search was carried out in medical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, Magiran, and Google Scholar. Within 1972-1975, Rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine was developed by RVSRI and successfully passed clinical trial in 1977. Over the four last decades (1980-2020), more than 40 million infants, young, and adults were vaccinated by million doses of local Rubella, measles-rubella (MR) or measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in Iran. In 1972, the pre-vaccine era, the overall sensitivity to rubella infection was 69% in one-year-old Iranian children and 23% in childbearing women. The use of a safe, inexpensive, and effective vaccine increased herd immunity to 95% (85%-99%) in our country. During the last two decades, we have witnessed a 91% decline in the confirmed rubella cases, from 1124 in 2000 to 33 cases in 2018. The current article presented the process of vaccine development, tracked it through more than four decades, and discussed disease status before and after the rubella vaccine era, as well as the history of its elimination from Iran. The effectiveness of the local Razi Rubella vaccine resulted in a significant increase in seroprevalence in Iran. Expanded vaccination against rubella, usually with measles, has led to the elimination of Rubella from Iran as confirmed by World Health Organization in 2019.
Topics: Iran; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Humans
PubMed: 34223717
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.353242.1594 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2015Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. Chinese physicians generally believe that Chinese medicinal herbs are effective in alleviating symptoms and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. Chinese physicians generally believe that Chinese medicinal herbs are effective in alleviating symptoms and reducing the duration of mumps. Herbalists tend to develop a treatment plan according to the individual's symptoms.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs combined with routine treatments for mumps.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1948 to January week 4, 2015), EMBASE (1974 to February 2015), CINAHL (1981 to February 2015), AMED (1985 to April 2014), the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1980 to February 2015), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979 to February 2015), VIP Information (1989 to February 2015), and relevant databases of ongoing trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese medicinal herbs for mumps (with or without complications).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently evaluated trial quality and conducted data extraction. We contacted the trial authors for missing data regarding participant allocation. Some trials allocated participants according to the participants' admission sequence, making it a pseudo-random allocation. None of the trials concealed participants' allocation or used blinding.
MAIN RESULTS
We did not identify any eligible trials for inclusion. We identified 108 studies that claimed to use random allocation. We excluded 104 studies because the allocation methods the authors had used were not actually randomised. We were unable to contact the trial authors of the remaining four studies. These trials require further evaluation and have been allocated to the 'Studies awaiting classification' section.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We did not find any RCTs for or against Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of mumps. We hope more high-quality RCTs will be conducted in the future.
Topics: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Mumps; Phytotherapy
PubMed: 25887348
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008578.pub3 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2022Since 2015, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in fully vaccinated populations. These outbreaks have occurred...
Since 2015, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in fully vaccinated populations. These outbreaks have occurred predominantly in close-quarter settings, such as camps, colleges, and detention centers. Phylogenetic analysis of 758 mumps-positive samples from outbreaks across the United States identified 743 (98%) as genotype G based on sequence analysis of the mumps small hydrophobic (SH) gene. Additionally, SH sequences in the genotype G samples showed almost no sequence diversity, with 675 (91%) of them having identical sequences or only one nucleotide difference. This uniformity of circulating genotype and strain created complications for epidemiologic investigations and necessitated the development of a system for rapidly generating mumps whole-genome sequences for more detailed analysis. In this study, we report a novel and streamlined assay for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of mumps virus genotype G. The WGS procedure successfully generated 318 high-quality WGS sequences on nucleic acid from genotype G-positive respiratory samples collected during several mumps outbreaks in the United States between 2016 and 2019. Sequencing was performed by a rapid and highly sensitive custom Ion AmpliSeq mumps genotype G panel, with sample preparation performed on an Ion Chef and sequencing on an Ion S5. The WGS data generated by the AmpliSeq panel provided enhanced genomic resolution for epidemiological outbreak investigations. Translation and protein sequence analysis also identified several potentially important epitope changes in the circulating mumps genotype G strains compared to the Jeryl-Lynn strain (JL5) used in vaccines in the United States, which could explain the current level of vaccine escapes.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Phylogeny; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34757832
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00841-21 -
International Journal of Public Health Sep 2016Despite the availability of vaccines and the existence of public vaccination recommendations, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases still cause public... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Despite the availability of vaccines and the existence of public vaccination recommendations, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases still cause public health debate. The objective of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the current epidemiology and economic burden of measles, mumps, pertussis, and varicella in Germany.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies published since 2000. The literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE. Also, we used German notification data to give an up-to-date overview of the epidemiology of the four diseases under consideration.
RESULTS
Thirty-six studies were included in our review. Results suggest that there is still considerable morbidity due to childhood diseases in Germany. Studies providing cost estimates are scarce. Comparative analyses of different data sources (notification data vs. claims data) revealed a potential underestimation of incidence estimates when using notification data. Furthermore, several studies showed regional differences in incidence of some of the diseases under consideration.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings underline the need for improved vaccination and communication strategies targeting all susceptible age and risk groups on a national and local level.
Topics: Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Germany; Humans; Incidence; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Vaccines, Combined; Virus Diseases; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 27488917
DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0842-8 -
Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations-Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines?Frontiers in Immunology 2020History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and... (Review)
Review
History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Vaccination
PubMed: 33072071
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089 -
Science Translational Medicine Mar 2018After decades of declining mumps incidence amid widespread vaccination, the United States and other developed countries have experienced a resurgence in mumps cases over...
After decades of declining mumps incidence amid widespread vaccination, the United States and other developed countries have experienced a resurgence in mumps cases over the last decade. Outbreaks affecting vaccinated individuals and communities with high vaccine coverage have prompted concerns about the effectiveness of the live attenuated vaccine currently in use. It is unclear whether immune protection wanes or whether the vaccine protects inadequately against currently circulating mumps virus lineages. Synthesizing data from six studies of mumps vaccine effectiveness, we estimated that vaccine-derived immune protection against mumps wanes on average 27 years (95% confidence interval, 16 to 51 years) after vaccination. After accounting for this waning, we found no evidence that the emergence of heterologous virus genotypes contributed to changes in vaccine effectiveness over time. A mathematical model of mumps transmission confirmed the central role of waning immunity to the vaccine in the re-emergence of mumps cases. Outbreaks from 2006 to the present among young adults, and outbreaks in the late 1980s and early 1990s among adolescents, aligned with peaks in mumps susceptibility of these age groups predicted to be due to loss of vaccine-derived protection. In contrast, evolution of mumps virus strains escaping immune pressure would be expected to cause a higher proportion of cases among children, not adolescents and young adults as observed. Routine use of a third vaccine dose at 18 years of age, or booster dosing throughout adulthood, may be a strategy to prevent mumps re-emergence and should be assessed in clinical trials.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; United States; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 29563321
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5945 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Jan 2021Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease. Because the mumps vaccine can cause aseptic meningitis in rare cases, this vaccine is not routine in Japan. This has led to low... (Review)
Review
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease. Because the mumps vaccine can cause aseptic meningitis in rare cases, this vaccine is not routine in Japan. This has led to low vaccine coverage and severe disease burden in Japan. The present review summarizes mumps epidemiology and vaccination and discusses effective future strategies to mitigate the current disease burden of mumps in Japan. Although a recent study reported that mumps vaccine coverage rates are improving in Japan, current coverage rates are far below the optimal rate to suppress the ongoing epidemic, which has caused an average annual financial loss of 85 billion JPY between 2000 and 2016. Recent reports have demonstrated a much lower incidence of vaccine-induced aseptic meningitis in newly developed vaccines, especially when administered at 1 year of age. Cost-effectiveness studies suggest that routinization of the currently distributed domestic vaccine would be highly cost-effective. In addition, questionnaire surveillance data suggest that the majority of the Japanese population accepts the nominal risk of the vaccine when the proper information is provided. Finally, there are some successful programs in Japan that have attained high vaccine coverage rates with financial support from local governments. Taken together, these data suggest that the mumps vaccine should be immediately included in routine vaccines in Japan.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Japan; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Meningitis, Aseptic; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 32530735
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1765619 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2021Measles, mumps, and rubella are highly contagious diseases that caused significant global mortality and morbidity in the pre-vaccine era. Since its first approval in the...
Measles, mumps, and rubella are highly contagious diseases that caused significant global mortality and morbidity in the pre-vaccine era. Since its first approval in the United States over 40 years ago, M-M-R has been used in >75 countries for prevention of these diseases. The vaccine has been part of immunization programs that have achieved dramatic global reductions in case numbers and mortality rates, as well as the elimination of measles and rubella in several countries and regions. This report summarizes over four decades of global safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness data for the vaccine. We include studies on the use of M-M-R in different age groups, concomitant use with other routine childhood vaccines, administration via different routes, persistence of immunity, and vaccine effectiveness during outbreaks of measles and mumps. We conclude that M-M-R is well tolerated and has shown consistently high performance during routine use in multiple countries, in randomized controlled trials with diverse designs, and in outbreak settings, including use as measles postexposure prophylaxis. Physicians, parents, and the public can continue to have a high degree of confidence in the use of M-M-R as a vital part of global public health programs.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Child; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 35130794
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2007710