-
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2021Mupirocin nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel (MLH) was successfully developed. This study focused on the safety of cell lines and the biocompatibility of MLH for wound healing...
Mupirocin nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel (MLH) was successfully developed. This study focused on the safety of cell lines and the biocompatibility of MLH for wound healing in rat models. MLH was assessed by an analysis of cytotoxicity and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in cell lines. The cytocompatibility of MLH was compared with mupirocin ointment on full-thickness burn wounds in rats. The results indicated that MLH and blank hydrogel had no toxicity to human epidermal keratinocytes and human fibroblast cells. MLH inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity in macrophage-like cells resulting in low nitric oxide production and reduced inflammatory cytokine production (interleukin (IL)-1β) compared with a positive control (LPS only). In burn wounds, MLH and hydrogel healed the wound better than the other groups determined by wound contraction, reduced secretion, and the generation of new blood vessels, as well as promotion of hair follicle cells. Better granulation tissue proliferation, less necrosis, and a lower degree of inflammation were found in the MLH and blank hydrogel than in the mupirocin ointment. The hydrogel group reduced the macrophages (CD68) on day 14 at the edge of the wound. On day 28, T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20), and CD68+ cells were concentrated in the deeper subcutaneous tissue. Additionally, the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) concentration and matrix prometalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 ratio in the MLH and hydrogel groups were less than those in the other groups. The MLH formulation was safe and effective in burn wound healing. Therefore, MLH formulations are promising candidates for further evaluation in clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Burns; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Hydrogels; Male; Mupirocin; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34719647
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00397 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022Nasal decolonization procedures against the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus rely on topical antimicrobial drug usage, whose impact on the nasal microbiota...
Nasal decolonization procedures against the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus rely on topical antimicrobial drug usage, whose impact on the nasal microbiota is poorly understood. We examined this impact in healthy S. aureus carriers and noncarriers. This is a prospective interventional cohort study of 8 S. aureus carriers and 8 noncarriers treated with nasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine baths. Sequential nasal swabs were taken over 6 months. S. aureus was detected by quantitative culture and genotyped using spa typing. RNA-based 16S species-level metabarcoding was used to assess the living microbial diversity. The species Dolosigranulum pigrum, Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Corynebacterium propinquum correlated negatively with S. aureus carriage. Mupirocin treatment effectively eliminated S. aureus, D. pigrum and M. nonliquefaciens, but not corynebacteria. S. aureus recolonization in carriers occurred more rapidly than recolonization by the dominant species in noncarriers (median 3 vs. 6 months, respectively). Most recolonizing S. aureus isolates had the same spa type as the initial isolate. The impact of mupirocin-chlorhexidine treatment on the nasal microbiota was still detectable after 6 months. S. aureus recolonization predated microbiota recovery, emphasizing the strong adaptation of this pathogen to the nasal niche and the transient efficacy of the decolonization procedure.
Topics: Humans; Mupirocin; Staphylococcus aureus; Chlorhexidine; Prospective Studies; Cohort Studies; Carrier State; Staphylococcal Infections; Microbiota
PubMed: 36396730
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21453-4 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Feb 2019The prophylactic application of antimicrobials that are active against Staphylococcus aureus can prevent infections. However, implementation in clinical practice is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The prophylactic application of antimicrobials that are active against Staphylococcus aureus can prevent infections. However, implementation in clinical practice is limited. We have reviewed antimicrobial approaches for the prevention of S. aureus infections.
METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and trial registries using synonyms for S. aureus, infections and prevention as search terms. We included randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews only.
RESULTS
Most studies were conducted with mupirocin. Mupirocin is effective in preventing S. aureus infections in patients receiving dialysis treatment and in surgical patients, particularly if the patients are carriers of S. aureus. The combination of mupirocin and chlorhexidine, but not chlorhexidine alone, is also effective against S. aureus infections. So far, vaccines have not proven successful in protecting against S. aureus infections. Regarding prophylactic povidone-iodine and systemic antibiotics, there is limited evidence supporting their effectiveness against S. aureus infections. Antimicrobial honey has not been proven to be more effective or non-inferior to mupirocin in protecting against S. aureus infections.
CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence supports the use of mupirocin as prophylaxis for preventing infections with S. aureus, particularly in carriers and in the surgical setting or in patients receiving dialysis treatment. Other antimicrobial agents have not been sufficiently proven to be effective so far, or have been proven ineffective. New trials with vaccines and anti-staphylococcal peptides are currently underway and may lead to new preventive strategies in the future.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Carrier State; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Mupirocin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 30376041
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky421 -
Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... 2021Despite the widespread use of chlorhexidine (CHX) to prevent infection, data regarding the in vitro action of CHX against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus...
Despite the widespread use of chlorhexidine (CHX) to prevent infection, data regarding the in vitro action of CHX against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are limited. Clinical isolates from Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, identified during 2002/2003 and 2012/2013 were studied to describe the susceptibility to CHX and mupirocin, molecular characteristics, and virulence profile of MRSA. Susceptibility test to Mupirocin was performed by the disk diffusion method and to CHX by the agar dilution technique. PCR for virulence genes, mecA gene and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were investigated as well. Mupirocin- and CHX-resistant isolates were sequenced using the IlluminaTM plataform. Two hundred and sixteen MRSA clinical isolates were evaluated: 154 from infected and 62 from colonized patients. Resistance to mupirocin was observed in four isolates assigned as SCCmec type III and STs (ST05; ST239 and ST105) carrying mupA and blaZ, two of them co-harboring the ileS gene. Only one isolate assigned as SCCmec type III was resistant to CHX (MIC of 8.0 μg.mL-1) and harbored the qacA gene. Resistance to chlorhexidine and mupirocin were found in isolates carrying qacA and mupA in our hospital. Since these genes are plasmid-mediated, this finding draws attention to the potential spread of resistance to mupirocin in our hospital.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorhexidine; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Infant; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mupirocin; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Virulence; Young Adult
PubMed: 33852710
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946202163027 -
Oxymetazoline, Mupirocin, Clotrimazole-Safe, Effective, Off-Label Agents for Tympanostomy Tube Care.Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Nov 2020Only a few medications have a United States Food and Drug Administration indications for prevention and/or treatment of infections in patients with tympanic perforations... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Only a few medications have a United States Food and Drug Administration indications for prevention and/or treatment of infections in patients with tympanic perforations or tympanostomy tubes. We examined 3 off-label agents that have become important in tympanostomy tube care hoping to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of each in experimental assays and human application.
METHODS
Computerized literature review.
RESULTS
(1) Oxymetazoline nasal spray applied at the time of surgery is equivalent to fluoroquinolone ear drops in the prevention of early postsurgical otorrhea and tympanostomy tube occlusion at the first postoperative visit. (2) Topical mupirocin 2% ointment is effective alone or in combination with culture-directed systemic therapy for the treatment of tympanostomy tube otorrhea caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant . (3) Topical clotrimazole 1% cream is highly active against the common yeast and fungi that cause otomycosis. A single application after microscopic debridement will cure fungal tympanostomy tube otorrhea in most cases. None of these 3 agents is ototoxic in animal histological or physiological studies, and each has proved safe in long-term clinical use.
CONCLUSIONS
Oxymetazoline nasal spray, mupirocin ointment, and clotrimazole cream are safe and effective as off-label medications for tympanostomy tube care in children.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Child; Child, Preschool; Clotrimazole; Female; Humans; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Middle Ear Ventilation; Mupirocin; Nasal Sprays; Off-Label Use; Otitis; Otitis Media with Effusion; Oxymetazoline; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 32182136
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320912885 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Dec 2019
Topics: Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis; Administration, Topical; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Ciprofloxacin; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Substitution; Emollients; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Mupirocin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Skin; Treatment Outcome; Withholding Treatment
PubMed: 31821140
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19061 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Jan 2022Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) causes significant morbidity. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is the most frequent organism, and the majority are...
BACKGROUND
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) causes significant morbidity. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is the most frequent organism, and the majority are endogenous. Decolonisation reduces PJIs but there is a paucity of evidence comparing treatments. Aims; compare 3 nasal decolonisation treatments at (1) achieving MSSA decolonisation, (2) preventing PJI.
METHODS
Our hospital prospectively collected data on our MSSA decolonisation programme since 2013, including; all MSSA carriers, treatment received, MSSA status at time of surgery and all PJIs. Prior to 2017 MSSA carriers received nasal mupirocin or neomycin, from August 2017 until August 2019 nasal octenidine was used.
RESULTS
During the study period 15,958 primary hip and knee replacements were performed. 3200 (20.1%) were MSSA positive at preoperative screening and received decolonisation treatment, 698 mupirocin, 1210 neomycin and 1221 octenidine. Mupirocin (89.1%) and neomycin (90.9%) were more effective at decolonisation than octenidine (50.0%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in PJI rates (P = 0.452).
CONCLUSIONS
Mupirocin and neomycin are more effective than octenidine at MSSA decolonisation. There was poor correlation between the MSSA status after treatment (on day of surgery) and PJI rates. Further research is needed to compare alternative MSSA decolonisation treatments.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cohort Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; England; Imines; Joint Diseases; Methicillin; Mupirocin; Neomycin; Nose Diseases; Pyridines; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35012641
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-01043-1 -
PloS One 2022Pseudomonas strain NCIMB10586, in the P. fluorescens subgroup, produces the polyketide antibiotic mupirocin, and has potential as a host for industrial production of a...
Pseudomonas strain NCIMB10586, in the P. fluorescens subgroup, produces the polyketide antibiotic mupirocin, and has potential as a host for industrial production of a range of valuable products. To underpin further studies on its genetics and physiology, we have used a combination of standard and atypical approaches to achieve a quality of the genome sequence and annotation, above current standards for automated pathways. Assembly of Illumina reads to a PacBio genome sequence created a retrospectively hybrid assembly, identifying and fixing 415 sequencing errors which would otherwise affect almost 5% of annotated coding regions. Our annotation pipeline combined automation based on related well-annotated genomes and stringent, partially manual, tests for functional features. The strain was close to P. synxantha and P. libaniensis and was found to be highly similar to a strain being developed as a weed-pest control agent in Canada. Since mupirocin is a secondary metabolite whose production is switched on late in exponential phase, we carried out RNAseq analysis over an 18 h growth period and have developed a method to normalise RNAseq samples as a group, rather than pair-wise. To review such data we have developed an easily interpreted way to present the expression profiles across a region, or the whole genome at a glance. At the 2-hour granularity of our time-course, the mupirocin cluster increases in expression as an essentially uniform bloc, although the mupirocin resistance gene stands out as being expressed at all the time points.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Mupirocin; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 35511780
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268072 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Oct 2023The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus epidermidis is largely attributed to its exceptional ability to form biofilms. Here, we report that mupirocin, an antimicrobial agent...
The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus epidermidis is largely attributed to its exceptional ability to form biofilms. Here, we report that mupirocin, an antimicrobial agent widely used for staphylococcal decolonization and anti-infection, strongly stimulates the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis. Although the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) production was unaffected, mupirocin significantly facilitated extracellular DNA (eDNA) release by accelerating autolysis, thereby positively triggering cell surface attachment and intercellular agglomeration during biofilm development. Mechanistically, mupirocin regulated the expression of genes encoding for the autolysin AtlE as well as the programmed cell death system CidA-LrgAB. Critically, through gene knockout, we found out that deletion of atlE, but not cidA or lrgA, abolished the enhancement of biofilm formation and eDNA release in response to mupirocin treatment, indicating that atlE is required for this effect. In Triton X-100 induced autolysis assay, mupirocin treated atlE mutant displayed a slower autolysis rate compared with the wild-type strain and complementary strain. Therefore, we concluded that subinhibitory concentrations of mupirocin enhance the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis in an atlE dependent manner. This induction effect could conceivably be responsible for some of the more unfavourable outcomes of infectious diseases.
Topics: Staphylococcus epidermidis; Mupirocin; Biofilms; Staphylococcus; Virulence; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 37385560
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106904 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... May 2017To compare the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Gram-negative rods (GNR) in the anterior nares, posterior pharynx and three skin sites in community-based...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Gram-negative rods (GNR) in the anterior nares, posterior pharynx and three skin sites in community-based adults and nursing home-based adults before and after treatment with nasal mupirocin and topical chlorhexidine.
METHODS
S. aureus-colonized adults were recruited from the community (n=26) and from nursing homes (n=8). Eligible participants were cultured for S. aureus and GNR during two study visits and then received intranasal mupirocin and topical chlorhexidine for 5days, with a 2-month follow-up period.
RESULTS
After decolonization, we found sustained decreases of S. aureus colonization in nose, throat and skin sites over 4-8weeks in both populations. Intranasal mupirocin did not increase GNR colonization in nose or throat. Chlorhexidine did not decrease GNR colonization in skin sites.
CONCLUSIONS
Decolonization with mupirocin and chlorhexidine leads to a sustained effect on S. aureus colonization without affecting GNR colonization.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chlorhexidine; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mupirocin; Nose; Nursing Homes; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28215714
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.005