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The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1983Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of "structural" RNAs (ribosomal and transfer RNA) has enabled the construction of phylogenetic trees to be achieved. Data from 16S... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of "structural" RNAs (ribosomal and transfer RNA) has enabled the construction of phylogenetic trees to be achieved. Data from 16S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and tRNA from a total of eight Mollicutes (excluding T. acidophilum) including representatives of the families Mycoplasmataceae, Spiroplasmataceae, and Acholeplasmataceae, show that these families share a close relationship and a common ancestor with the gram-positive eubacteria. Thermoplasma acidophilum is a member of the kingdom Archaebacteriae and has no relationship to the other Mollicutes.
Topics: Base Sequence; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasmatales; Phylogeny; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Transfer; Spiroplasma; Thermoplasma
PubMed: 6206653
DOI: No ID Found -
The ISME Journal Jun 2018Bacterial interactions with animals and plants have been examined for over a century; by contrast, the study of bacterial-fungal interactions has received less...
Bacterial interactions with animals and plants have been examined for over a century; by contrast, the study of bacterial-fungal interactions has received less attention. Bacteria interact with fungi in diverse ways, and endobacteria that reside inside fungal cells represent the most intimate interaction. The most significant bacterial endosymbionts that have been studied are associated with Mucoromycota and include two main groups: Burkholderia-related and Mycoplasma-related endobacteria (MRE). Examples of Burkholderia-related endobacteria have been reported in the three Mucoromycota subphyla. By contrast, MRE have only been identified in Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina. This study aims to understand whether MRE dwell in Mortierellomycotina and, if so, to determine their impact on the fungal host. We carried out a large-scale screening of 394 Mortierellomycotina strains and employed a combination of microscopy, molecular phylogeny, next-generation sequencing and qPCR. We detected MRE in 12 strains. These endosymbionts represent novel bacterial phylotypes and show evidence of recombination. Their presence in Mortierellomycotina demonstrates that MRE occur within fungi across Mucoromycota and they may have lived in their common ancestor. We cured the fungus of its endosymbionts with antibiotics and observed improved biomass production in isogenic lines lacking MRE, demonstrating that these endobacteria impose some fitness costs to their fungal host. Here we provided the first functional insights into the lifestyle of MRE. Our findings indicate that MRE may be antagonistic to their fungal hosts, and adapted to a non-lethal parasitic lifestyle in the mycelium of Mucoromycota. However, context-dependent adaptive benefits to their host at minimal cost cannot not be excluded. Finally, we conclude that Mortierellomycotina represent attractive model organisms for exploring interactions between MRE and fungi.
Topics: Biodiversity; Burkholderia; Fungi; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; Symbiosis
PubMed: 29476142
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0053-9 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 2015The binding and gliding of Mycoplasma mobile on a plastic plate covered by 53 uniform oligosaccharides were analyzed. Mycoplasmas bound to and glided on only 21 of the...
UNLABELLED
The binding and gliding of Mycoplasma mobile on a plastic plate covered by 53 uniform oligosaccharides were analyzed. Mycoplasmas bound to and glided on only 21 of the fixed sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), showing that sialic acid is essential as the binding target. The affinities were mostly consistent with our previous results on the inhibitory effects of free SOs and suggested that M. mobile recognizes SOs from the nonreducing end with four continuous sites as follows. (i and ii) A sialic acid at the nonreducing end is tightly recognized by tandemly connected two sites. (iii) The third site is recognized by a loose groove that may be affected by branches. (iv) The fourth site is recognized by a large groove that may be enhanced by branches, especially those with a negative charge. The cells glided on uniform SOs in manners apparently similar to those of the gliding on mixed SOs. The gliding speed was related inversely to the mycoplasma's affinity for SO, suggesting that the detaching step may be one of the speed determinants. The cells glided faster and with smaller fluctuations on the uniform SOs than on the mixtures, suggesting that the drag caused by the variation in SOs influences gliding behaviors.
IMPORTANCE
Mycoplasma is a group of bacteria generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide in the direction of the protrusion. These procedures are essential for parasitism. Usually, mycoplasmas glide on mixed sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs) derived from glycoprotein and glycolipid. Since gliding motility on uniform oligosaccharides has never been observed, this study gives critical information about recognition and interaction between receptors and SOs.
Topics: Glass; Movement; Mycoplasma; Oligosaccharides; Plastics; Surface Properties
PubMed: 26148712
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00335-15 -
Infection and Immunity Jan 1972Fourteen conjunctival strains of mycoplasma were isolated from infected sheep and goats in two separate naturally occurring outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis (pink-eye)....
Fourteen conjunctival strains of mycoplasma were isolated from infected sheep and goats in two separate naturally occurring outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis (pink-eye). The biological and serological properties and cell protein patterns of these strains are presented in this report. These strains were related to each other and were unrelated to 40 recognized Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species and serotypes. We are proposing that this group of mycoplasmas be named M. conjunctivae. The role of M. conjunctivae in the etiology of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats remains to be determined.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Bacterial Proteins; Cholesterol; Conjunctiva; Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fermentation; Filtration; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glucose; Goats; Hemadsorption; Hemolytic Plaque Technique; Immune Sera; Keratoconjunctivitis; Mannose; Mycoplasma; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 4348078
DOI: 10.1128/iai.5.1.70-76.1972 -
MBio Jun 2021Mycoplasma mobile, a parasitic bacterium, glides on solid surfaces, such as animal cells and glass, by a special mechanism. This process is driven by the force generated...
Mycoplasma mobile, a parasitic bacterium, glides on solid surfaces, such as animal cells and glass, by a special mechanism. This process is driven by the force generated through ATP hydrolysis on an internal structure. However, the spatial and temporal behaviors of the internal structures in living cells are unclear. In this study, we detected the movements of the internal structure by scanning cells immobilized on a glass substrate using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). By scanning the surface of a cell, we succeeded in visualizing particles, 2 nm in height and aligned mostly along the cell axis with a pitch of 31.5 nm, consistent with previously reported features based on electron microscopy. Movements of individual particles were then analyzed by HS-AFM. In the presence of sodium azide, the average speed of particle movements was reduced, suggesting that movement is linked to ATP hydrolysis. Partial inhibition of the reaction by sodium azide enabled us to analyze particle behavior in detail, showing that the particles move 9 nm right, relative to the gliding direction, and 2 nm into the cell interior in 330 ms and then return to their original position, based on ATP hydrolysis. The genus contains bacteria generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide by a special mechanism linked to their infection and survival. The special machinery for gliding can be divided into surface and internal structures that have evolved from rotary motors represented by ATP synthases. This study succeeded in visualizing the real-time movements of the internal structure by scanning from the outside of the cell using an innovative high-speed atomic force microscope and then analyzing their behaviors.
Topics: Glass; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Movement; Mycoplasma; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34044587
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00040-21 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jun 2019Hemotropic mycoplasma (hemoplasma), a neglected vector-borne pathogen in goats, causes extensive economic damage to farmers due to production losses. In this study,...
Hemotropic mycoplasma (hemoplasma), a neglected vector-borne pathogen in goats, causes extensive economic damage to farmers due to production losses. In this study, 107/295 (36.27%) goats sampled from 4 farms (Barili, Danao City, Dumanjug and Minglanilla) in Cebu, Philippines tested positive for PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma. All hemoplasma-positive goats were from Barili and no clinical sign was observed. Sex (P=0.0005) and age (P=0.03) were found associated with hemoplasma infection. Mycoplasma ovis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and 3 Uncultured Mycoplasma sp. sequences were identified by sequencing analysis. This is the first report of molecular detection and genetic characterization of hemoplasmas in goats in the Philippines.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Philippines; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31061273
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0042 -
Canadian Journal of Comparative... Oct 1979This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young calves and the identification to species level of mycoplasmas in mixed populations with the aid of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Pneumonic lung tissue yielded one or more mycoplasma species from 88% of the 153 calves cultured. The mycoplasmas identified and percent of the calves with lungs positive for each species were: M. dispar (56%), ureaplasma (44%), Mycoplasma bovis (37%), Mycoplasma arginini (33%) and Mycoplasma bovirhinis (23%). Conventional mycoplasmas isolated from two calves (1%) could not be identified using the antisera available.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Lung; Mycoplasma; Pneumonia; Ureaplasma
PubMed: 398234
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2018To assess whether antibiotics used for treatment in asymptomatic second-trimester women positive for Mycoplasma or Ureaplasma spp. detected by amniotic-fluid PCR... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether antibiotics used for treatment in asymptomatic second-trimester women positive for Mycoplasma or Ureaplasma spp. detected by amniotic-fluid PCR prevents preterm delivery.
DESIGN
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
SETTING
10 maternal fetal medicine centers in France.
POPULATION
Women with a singleton pregnancy who underwent amniocentesis between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation (weeks) for Down syndrome screening. A sample of 238 women with PCR-positive findings per treatment group was needed to show a 50% reduction in the preterm delivery rate.
METHODS
Amniotic fluid was tested. Women with positive findings on real-time PCR of amniotic fluid for Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum were randomized to receive josamycin or placebo. Amniotic fluid was also tested for 16S PCR.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was delivery before 37 weeks.
RESULTS
In total, 1043 women underwent amniotic-fluid screening with specific PCR detection between July 2008 and July 2011: PCR detection failed in 27 (2.6%), and 20 (1.9%) underwent termination of pregnancy. Among the 1016 women with PCR results, 980 had available data for the primary outcome (delivery before 37 weeks) and 29 (3.0%) were positive for Ureaplasma and/or Mycoplasma spp. Because of the low rate of women with PCR-positive findings, the trial was stopped prematurely. In total, 19 women were randomized to receive placebo (n = 8) or josamycin (n = 11) and their characteristics were comparable, as was the rate of preterm delivery and secondary outcomes. In comparing all PCR-positive and -negative women regardless of treatment, PCR positivity for Ureaplasma and/or Mycoplasma spp. was not associated with any adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcome. Amniotic-fluid screening by 16S PCR showed no other bacterial colonization associated with preterm birth.
CONCLUSIONS
Because of a low amniotic fluid colonization rate, the trial was interrupted. Maternal amniotic-fluid colonization by Mycoplasma and/or Ureaplasma spp. at 16-20 weeks in asymptomatic women is rare and not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00718705.
Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Mycoplasma; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Ureaplasma
PubMed: 30403730
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206290 -
Journal of Bacteriology Dec 1989Small-subunit rRNA sequences were determined for almost 50 species of mycoplasmas and their walled relatives, providing the basis for a phylogenetic systematic analysis...
Small-subunit rRNA sequences were determined for almost 50 species of mycoplasmas and their walled relatives, providing the basis for a phylogenetic systematic analysis of these organisms. Five groups of mycoplasmas per se were recognized (provisional names are given): the hominis group (which included species such as Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma lipophilum, Mycoplasma pulmonis, and Mycoplasma neurolyticum), the pneumoniae group (which included species such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma muris), the spiroplasma group (which included species such as Mycoplasma mycoides, Spiroplasma citri, and Spiroplasma apis), the anaeroplasma group (which encompassed the anaeroplasmas and acholeplasmas), and a group known to contain only the isolated species Asteroleplasma anaerobium. In addition to these five mycoplasma groups, a sixth group of variously named gram-positive, walled organisms (which included lactobacilli, clostridia, and other organisms) was also included in the overall phylogenetic unit. In each of these six primary groups, subgroups were readily recognized and defined. Although the phylogenetic units identified by rRNA comparisons are difficult to recognize on the basis of mutually exclusive phenotypic characters alone, phenotypic justification can be given a posteriori for a number of them.
Topics: Base Sequence; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoplasma; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal; Species Specificity
PubMed: 2592342
DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.12.6455-6467.1989 -
Applied Microbiology Feb 1971Eight Mycoplasma species of human origin were successfully cultivated on glass. Complement-fixing (CF) antigens prepared from glass-adherent mycoplasmas were potent,...
Eight Mycoplasma species of human origin were successfully cultivated on glass. Complement-fixing (CF) antigens prepared from glass-adherent mycoplasmas were potent, specific, and free from anticomplementary activity. PPLO broth medium supplemented with 1 to 5% PPLO serum fraction (bovine), 2.5% fresh yeast extract, and 1% glucose (glycolytic species) or 1% arginine (arginine-utilizing species) supported moderate to luxuriant growth of mycoplasmas on glass. The potency of CF antigens prepared from glass-adherent mycoplasmas varied with the species of Mycoplasma tested and the duration of incubation. When the potency of CF antigens prepared from glass-adherent mycoplasmas was compared with that material sedimented from the broth phase of the same culture, three patterns of growth were observed: M. hominis and M. orale type 2 grew preferentially in the broth phase; M. salivarium, M. orale types 1 and 3, M. pneumoniae, and M. lipophilum preferentially adhered to the glass; and M. fermentans was biphasic. The growth of mycoplasmas on glass provides a simple means of concentrating and purifying such organisms for immunological and biochemical studies.
Topics: Acetates; Age Factors; Animals; Antigens; Arginine; Bacteriological Techniques; Cattle; Complement Fixation Tests; Culture Media; Glass; Glucose; Horses; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immune Sera; Indicators and Reagents; Mycoplasma; Penicillins; Rabbits; Saccharomyces; Species Specificity; Thallium; Time Factors; Yeast, Dried
PubMed: 5547544
DOI: 10.1128/am.21.2.288-294.1971