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Computational and Structural... 2021Mycoplasmas are parasitic bacteria with streamlined genomes and complex nutritional requirements. Although iron is vital for almost all organisms, its utilization by... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasmas are parasitic bacteria with streamlined genomes and complex nutritional requirements. Although iron is vital for almost all organisms, its utilization by mycoplasmas is controversial. Despite its minimalist nature, mycoplasmas can survive and persist within the host, where iron availability is rigorously restricted through nutritional immunity. In this review, we describe the putative iron-enzymes, transporters, and metalloregulators of four relevant human mycoplasmas. This work brings in light critical differences in the mycoplasma-iron interplay. , the species with the largest genome (1.36 Mb), shows a more classic repertoire of iron-related proteins, including different enzymes using iron-sulfur clusters as well as iron storage and transport systems. In contrast, the iron requirement is less apparent in the three species with markedly reduced genomes, (0.58 Mb), (0.67 Mb) and (0.82 Mb), as they exhibit only a few proteins possibly involved in iron homeostasis. The multiple facets of iron metabolism in mycoplasmas illustrate the remarkable evolutive potential of these minimal organisms when facing nutritional immunity and question the dependence of several human-infecting species for iron. Collectively, our data contribute to better understand the unique biology and infective strategies of these successful pathogens.
PubMed: 34765092
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.022 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022, which is difficult to culture and identify by ordinary methods, is one of the smallest pathogens in the human genitourinary tract causing urogenital infections. A...
, which is difficult to culture and identify by ordinary methods, is one of the smallest pathogens in the human genitourinary tract causing urogenital infections. A CRISPR-Cas12a-based detection system might provide a novel application for nucleic acid detection in molecular diagnostics. A plasmid containing the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of (ATCC_27545) as the positive control was constructed by homologous recombination. The active Cas12a protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The primers for recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), the CRISPR RNA (crRNA), and the ratio of Cas12a to crRNA were further optimized. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical effectiveness of the Cas12a detection system were confirmed. We successfully constructed and optimized a novel nucleic acid detection system for based on RPA-CRISPR-Cas12a, and the whole process takes only 1 h. The limit of detection for the gap gene of was 3 copies/μl and no cross-reactivity with other urogenital pathogens appeared. In the evaluation of 111 clinical samples, the sensitivity and specificity were both 1.000 and the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic was 1.000 ( < 0.001), indicating that the RPA-Cas12a-fluorescent assay was fully comparable to the traditional culture method. Finally, the RPA-Cas12a detection system can also be combined with lateral flow strips (LFS) to achieve visual detection. We successfully developed a low-cost and rapid detection method of based on RPA-Cas12a technology. This method realized by fluorescence value readout and visual detection by LFS could be applied in population screening and resource-limited conditions.
PubMed: 35464976
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842415 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2024Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of antibiotic resistance and a continuous rise in resistance, the treatment options are limited, and treatment has become more challenging and costlier.
OBJECTIVES
Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate worldwide resistance rates of genital Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin) agents.
METHODS
We searched the relevant published studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from until 3, March 2022. All statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical package R.
RESULTS
The 30 studies included in the analysis were performed in 16 countries. In the metadata, the proportions of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin resistance in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital isolates were reported 59.8% (95% CI 49.6, 69.1), 31.2% (95% CI 23, 40), 7.3% (95% CI 1, 31), and 5.3% (95% CI 1, 2), respectively. According to the meta-regression, the ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin rate increased over time. There was a statistically significant difference in the fluoroquinolones resistance rates between different continents/countries (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in this systematic review and meta-analysis we recommend the use of the newer group of fluoroquinolones especially levofloxacin as the first choice for the treatment of genital mycoplasmosis, as well as ofloxacin for the treatment of genital infections caused by U. parvum.
Topics: Humans; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma; Fluoroquinolones; Levofloxacin; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma hominis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ureaplasma Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Ciprofloxacin
PubMed: 38016593
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.11.007 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2023Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum commonly colonize the human urogenital tract, which may cause urogenital infections. However, infection... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum commonly colonize the human urogenital tract, which may cause urogenital infections. However, infection by M. hominis, U. parvum, or U. urealyticum is rarely reported in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis. Herein, we reported four cases of PD-associated peritonitis caused by these pathogens, along with a review of the literature. The four cases were female patients with recurrent "culture-negative" PD-associated peritonitis and were related to menstruation. M. hominis, U. parvum, or U. urealyticum was detected in the PD fluid of the patients by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. All four patients were cured by intraperitoneal tigecycline combined with oral azithromycin or minocycline. M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum should be paid more attention in female patients with recurrent culture-negative PD-associated peritonitis, especially when the peritonitis is related to menstruation, sexual intercourse, or urogenital tract operation. Moreover, metagenomic next-generation sequencing can provide a reasonable method to identify the pathogen for culture-negative PD-associated peritonitis.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; Peritoneal Dialysis
PubMed: 36948449
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.032 -
International Journal of Fertility &... Apr 2022is an important cause of bacterial infections of the genital tract. Macrolides are the first selective agents used to treat mycoplasma infections. However, widespread...
Detection and Evaluation of Macrolide Resistance (Erythromycin) in hominis Isolated from Endocervical Specimens of Patients Referring to Ibn Sina Infertility Treatment Centre, Tehran, Iran.
BACKGROUND
is an important cause of bacterial infections of the genital tract. Macrolides are the first selective agents used to treat mycoplasma infections. However, widespread use of macrolides has led to a rapid and global emergence of macrolide-resistant strains. We evaluated macrolide resistance in isolated from endocervical specimens of patients who referred to Ibn Sina Infertility Centre in Tehran, Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 160 samples of Dacron endocervix swabs (80 infertile patient samples and 80 healthy controls) were collected and transferred to the laboratory. All samples were cultured in liquid pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) broth and PPLO agar solid media. After culturing and genome extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers. Then, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using the broth microdilution method. The MIC was recorded and reported for all samples positive for against erythromycin.
RESULTS
From the 160 endocervical specimens cultured in PPLO agar medium, 19 cases (23.75%) were positive. A total of 35 cases (42.5%) were positive using specific primers of species. MIC results from all samples positive for were measured against erythromycin. All of the samples were resistant to erythromycin.
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study showed that a significant percentage of infertile women were infected with . Also, MIC results from the broth microdilution method indicated that all strains positive for were also resistant to erythromycin.
PubMed: 35639656
DOI: 10.22074/IJFS.2021.529020.1118 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Feb 2021Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) are two commensal microorganisms that form the urogenital microbiota. Under a state of dysbiosis, both bacteria...
Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) are two commensal microorganisms that form the urogenital microbiota. Under a state of dysbiosis, both bacteria cause intrauterine infection. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of UU and MH among four hundred and eleven infertile women. Women between thirty and thirty-five years old were the most affected group, followed by those that were 25 and 30 years old, respectively. Cumulatively, the prevalence of single UU and MH, and coinfection, was 28.46% ( = 117), ( = 2) 0.48%, and 2.91% ( = 12), respectively, with an overall detection rate of 31.87% ( = 131). To assess the associated drug susceptibility, endocervical samples were unequally sent to Regina Maria ( = 281) and Synevo ( = 130) laboratories for further analyses. Pristinamycin (100% vs. 100%) and Josamycin (100% vs. 98.00%) were the most efficient antibiotics in eradicating UU and MH, several others also displaying a high efficiency, among which can be mentioned Doxycycline (98.23%), Minocycline (96.00%), Tetracycline (96.48% vs. 68.00%), and Erythromycin (70.17% vs. 92.00%). Based on antibiograms, Clarithromycin (88.00%), Roxithromycin (88.00%), Levofloxacin (82.00%), and Azithromycin (78.94%) can be further used in treating such infections. On the other hand, Clindamycin (4.00%) and Ciprofloxacin (12.27% vs. 2.00%) are no longer viable because both UU and MH display an intermediate response towards gained resistance. Interestingly, the efficiency of Ofloxacin (22.79% vs. 60.00%) was conflicting, this possibly suggesting a transient stage to a gradual adaptability of these microorganisms to Ofloxacin. The most susceptible age groups in each case were women that were between twenty and forty years old. It can be concluded that four antibiotics can be safely used for treating UU, MH, or dual infections whose efficiency was over 95%.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Male; Mycoplasma hominis; Prevalence; Romania; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Young Adult
PubMed: 33652790
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030211 -
Heliyon Mar 2023, , and are commensal bacteria that are associated with colonization and infection of the urogenital tract. However, colonization of the respiratory tract by these...
BACKGROUND
, , and are commensal bacteria that are associated with colonization and infection of the urogenital tract. However, colonization of the respiratory tract by these microorganisms in adults has not been fully investigated.
METHODS
Urine and respiratory tract samples (sputum, tracheal aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients aged 20-80 years were analyzed to detect the presence of , , and using a conventional PCR method. The samples were submitted to the microbiological clinical laboratory of Hiroshima University Hospital from December 1, 2021 to May 31, 2022.
RESULTS
In total, 334 urine and 238 respiratory tract samples were analyzed. The overall detection rates of , , and were 2.9%, 1.7%, and 2.3% in male urine; 7.0%, 13.8%, and 1.9% in female urine; 2.2%, 0%, and 2.2% in male respiratory tract; and 0%, 2.0%, and 0% in female respiratory tract, respectively. In urine samples, the detection rates of , , and were significantly higher (p < 0.001) for women (29/159; 18.2%) than for men (10/175; 5.7%); however, in respiratory tract samples, the detection rates were not significantly different (p = 0.70) between women (2/101; 2.0%) and men (5/137; 3.7%). Further, both the urine and respiratory samples of 83 patients were analyzed. Three male samples were positive for or , and and were matched in both the urine and respiratory tract samples: (n = 1), (n = 1), + (n = 1).
CONCLUSION
, , and were detected in the respiratory tract of not only the young patients, but also of patients aged 50-60 years. Further studies are required to understand the relationship of these microorganisms in urogenital and respiratory tract samples with extra-genital infections.
PubMed: 36967949
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14543 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2015The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the...
BACKGROUND
The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory cytokines in infections also makes them good candidates to investigate bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma genital infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the above-mentioned mollicutes by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methodologies in vaginal swabs and dosage of cytokines.
METHODS
Vaginal swabs and peripheral blood were collected from 302 women, including healthy individuals. The molecular findings were correlated with some individual behavioral variables, clinical and demographic characteristics, presence of other important microorganisms in vaginal swabs, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.
RESULTS
M. hominis and M. genitalium were detected in 31.8% and 28.1% of samples, respectively. The qPCR results were associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the infections studied. The frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3.0%, 21.5%, 42.4%, and 1.7% respectively. Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with the presence of M. hominis and signs and/or symptoms of the genital infection of women studied.
CONCLUSION
IL-1β production was associated with the detection of M. hominis by qPCR. The sexual behavior of women studied was associated with the detection of mycoplasma and other agents of genital infections.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brazil; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Coinfection; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Gardnerella vaginalis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Trichomonas vaginalis; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Young Adult
PubMed: 25886914
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0792-4 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Sep 2020and species, commonly found in the lower urogenital tract, have been associated with various urogenital infections. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and...
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Species in Nonpregnant Female Patients in South Korea Indicate an Increasing Trend of Pristinamycin-Resistant Isolates.
and species, commonly found in the lower urogenital tract, have been associated with various urogenital infections. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility trend of and sp. in female patients and to evaluate the risk factors for the acquisition of pristinamycin-resistant mycoplasma. Endocervical swab specimens obtained between March 2016 and December 2018 were analyzed using a Mycoplasma IST2 kit. Because pristinamycin and josamycin are not available in South Korea, we conducted an age- and date-matched case-control study to evaluate the risk factors for the acquisition of pristinamycin-resistant isolates. Among 4,035 specimens, 1,589 (39.4%) cases were positive for genital mycoplasma, which included 49 (3.1%) cases of , 1,243 (78.2%) cases of sp., and 297 (18.7%) cases of both and species. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility tests, the antibiotic susceptible rate of both and species to pristinamycin decreased annually during the study period (100%, 97.1%, and 87.3% for 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively, < 0.001). According to a multivariate analysis, josamycin resistance (odds ratio, 7.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 43.00; = 0.027) and coinfection (odds ratio, 145.38; 95% confidence interval, 21.80 to 3,017.23; < 0.001) with species were independent risk factors for the acquisition of pristinamycin-resistant isolates. Antibiotic-resistant genital mycoplasmas have been gradually increasing annually. Nationwide surveillance, proper antibiotic stewardship, and appropriate culture-based treatment strategies are required to control this upcoming threat.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Prevalence; Pristinamycin; Republic of Korea; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 32718969
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01065-20 -
Research in Microbiology 2017Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in 1937 from the human genital tract, followed 17 years later by Ureaplasma urealyticum and 27 years after that by Mycoplasma genitalium....
Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in 1937 from the human genital tract, followed 17 years later by Ureaplasma urealyticum and 27 years after that by Mycoplasma genitalium. The first two proved relatively easy to culture but the latter required a polymerase chain reaction assay for further studies. In sexually mature women, M. hominis may be found in the vagina/cervix of about 20-50%, ureaplasmas in 40-80% and M. genitalium in 0-5%. Some heterogeneity has been found among strains of all these species, sufficient to divide ureaplasmas into two species, namely U. urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum. Studies in female mice show that sex hormones have a profound influence on colonization, multiplication and persistence of mycoplasmas/ureaplasmas in the genital tract and provoke the question, unanswered, of whether there is such an effect in the human tract. In women, there is no evidence that any of the mycoplasmal species stimulate an inflammatory vaginitis. M. hominis organisms increase hugely in number in the case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), and to a lesser extent so do ureaplasmas. Despite this, they have not been incriminated as a sole cause of BV. Evidence for the involvement of M. genitalium remains controversial. The strong association of BV with preterm birth raises the possibility that the genital mycoplasmas might play a part, but assurance that any do will be difficult to obtain. Detailed examination of the vaginal microbiome has not yet provided an answer.
Topics: Animals; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Mice; Microbiota; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 28263902
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.009