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The Journal of International Medical... Oct 2021The prevalence of and (genital mycoplasma) amongst Indonesian women is poorly understood because of limited availability of diagnostic techniques. We sought to compare... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
The prevalence of and (genital mycoplasma) amongst Indonesian women is poorly understood because of limited availability of diagnostic techniques. We sought to compare the diagnostic parameters of the AF Genital System® with those of culture methods and PCR as the gold standard for identification of and in vaginal swab specimens.
METHODS
This was an observational diagnostic study. Eighty-eight specimens were collected from patients with abnormal vaginal discharge. Detection of and was performed using the AF Genital System®, culture methods, and PCR.
RESULTS
Compared with PCR and culture methods, respectively, the AF Genital System® had sensitivities of 66.6% and 57% () and 55.5% and 77.8% (). Compared with PCR and culture methods, respectively, the AF Genital System® had specificities of 82.9% and 86.5% () and 82.3% and 84.8% ().
CONCLUSION
The sensitivity of the AF Genital System® for detection of and from vaginal swab samples was lower than that of PCR, but specificity was reasonably good (82% to 83%).
Topics: Female; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vagina
PubMed: 34686092
DOI: 10.1177/03000605211053278 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Lefamulin is the first of the pleuromutilin class of antimicrobials to be available for therapeutic use in humans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lefamulin were...
Lefamulin is the first of the pleuromutilin class of antimicrobials to be available for therapeutic use in humans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lefamulin were determined by microbroth dilution for 90 characterised clinical isolates (25 , 25 and 40 ). All isolates possessed lefamulin MICs of ≤0.25 mg/L after 48 h (MIC of 0.06/0.12 mg/L), despite an inherent resistance to macrolides; while isolates had MICs of ≤2 mg/L after 24 h (MIC of 0.25/1 mg/L), despite inherent resistance to clindamycin. Two isolates with additional A2058G mutations of 23S rRNA, and one isolate with a R66Q67 deletion (all of which had a combined resistance to macrolides and clindamycin) only showed a 2-fold increase in lefamulin MIC (1-2 mg/L) relative to macrolide-susceptible strains. Lefamulin could be an effective alternative antimicrobial for treating spp. and infections irrespective of intrinsic or acquired resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and ketolides. Based on this potent in vitro activity and the known good, rapid, and homogenous tissue penetration of female and male urogenital tissues and glands, further exploration of clinical efficacy of lefamulin for the treatment of and urogenital infections is warranted.
PubMed: 34827308
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111370 -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2021The aim of this study was to estimate the and infection prevalence and antibiotic resistance levels in gynecological outpatients. Clinical characteristics and...
The aim of this study was to estimate the and infection prevalence and antibiotic resistance levels in gynecological outpatients. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of gynecological outpatients of the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Antibiotic resistance levels in and were defined by a commercial kit for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate risk factors associated with isolation. Comparisons of yearly distributions and resistance rates were assessed by chi-square tests. Fifty-six percent of gynecological outpatients were positive for , and 11.02% were positive for . In the univariate analysis, women aged 30-39 years or with a history of pregnancy or gynecological diseases had an increased risk for isolation, while women who were postmenopausal or had an education level of undergraduate degree or above had a decreased risk of isolation. In the multivariate logistic regression model, an independent risk factor for isolation was a history of gynecological diseases, while a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or above were protective factors against isolation. There were distinctly gradual increases in the positivity rates of and from 2015 to 2018 and an overall increasing trend of resistance to ten antibiotics among and . The top three antibiotics associated with resistance were ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin. Doxycycline, josamycin, and minocycline were preferred because they had the lowest levels of resistance. Increases in the prevalence of infection and antibiotic resistance in and were observed from 2015 to 2018, clearly confirming the necessity to monitor the standardized administration of antibiotics.
PubMed: 33520043
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8842267 -
Research in Microbiology 2017Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in 1937 from the human genital tract, followed 17 years later by Ureaplasma urealyticum and 27 years after that by Mycoplasma genitalium....
Mycoplasma hominis was isolated in 1937 from the human genital tract, followed 17 years later by Ureaplasma urealyticum and 27 years after that by Mycoplasma genitalium. The first two proved relatively easy to culture but the latter required a polymerase chain reaction assay for further studies. In sexually mature women, M. hominis may be found in the vagina/cervix of about 20-50%, ureaplasmas in 40-80% and M. genitalium in 0-5%. Some heterogeneity has been found among strains of all these species, sufficient to divide ureaplasmas into two species, namely U. urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum. Studies in female mice show that sex hormones have a profound influence on colonization, multiplication and persistence of mycoplasmas/ureaplasmas in the genital tract and provoke the question, unanswered, of whether there is such an effect in the human tract. In women, there is no evidence that any of the mycoplasmal species stimulate an inflammatory vaginitis. M. hominis organisms increase hugely in number in the case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), and to a lesser extent so do ureaplasmas. Despite this, they have not been incriminated as a sole cause of BV. Evidence for the involvement of M. genitalium remains controversial. The strong association of BV with preterm birth raises the possibility that the genital mycoplasmas might play a part, but assurance that any do will be difficult to obtain. Detailed examination of the vaginal microbiome has not yet provided an answer.
Topics: Animals; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Mice; Microbiota; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 28263902
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.009 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2024Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of antibiotic resistance and a continuous rise in resistance, the treatment options are limited, and treatment has become more challenging and costlier.
OBJECTIVES
Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate worldwide resistance rates of genital Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin) agents.
METHODS
We searched the relevant published studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from until 3, March 2022. All statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical package R.
RESULTS
The 30 studies included in the analysis were performed in 16 countries. In the metadata, the proportions of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin resistance in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital isolates were reported 59.8% (95% CI 49.6, 69.1), 31.2% (95% CI 23, 40), 7.3% (95% CI 1, 31), and 5.3% (95% CI 1, 2), respectively. According to the meta-regression, the ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin rate increased over time. There was a statistically significant difference in the fluoroquinolones resistance rates between different continents/countries (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in this systematic review and meta-analysis we recommend the use of the newer group of fluoroquinolones especially levofloxacin as the first choice for the treatment of genital mycoplasmosis, as well as ofloxacin for the treatment of genital infections caused by U. parvum.
Topics: Humans; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma; Fluoroquinolones; Levofloxacin; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma hominis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ureaplasma Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Ciprofloxacin
PubMed: 38016593
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.11.007 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Sep 2023Mycoplasma hominis is a facultative anaerobic bacterium commonly present in the urogenital tract. In recent years, M. hominis has increasingly been associated with... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma hominis is a facultative anaerobic bacterium commonly present in the urogenital tract. In recent years, M. hominis has increasingly been associated with extra-urogenital tract infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Detecting M. hominis in a diagnostic laboratory can be challenging due to its slow growth rate, absence of a cell wall, and the requirements of specialized media and conditions for optimal growth. Consequently, it is necessary to establish guidelines for the detection of this microorganism and to request the appropriate microbiological work-up of immunosuppressed patients.
CASE PRESENTATION
We hereby present two cases of solid organ transplant patients who developed M. hominis infection. Microscopic examination of the bronchial lavage and pleural fluid showed no microorganisms. However, upon inoculating the specimens onto routine microbiology media, the organism was successfully identified and confirmation was performed using 16S rDNA sequencing. Both patients received appropriate treatment resulting in the resolution of M. hominis infection.
CONCLUSIONS
The prompt detection of M. hominis in a clinical specimen can have a significant impact on patient care by allowing for early intervention and ultimately resulting in more favorable clinical outcomes, especially in transplant patients.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma hominis; Base Composition; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 37710154
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08593-2 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2019Hip replacement is generally conducted in those with prolonged arthritis pain or hip fractures, and postoperative infection is a serious complication. Mycoplasma... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hip replacement is generally conducted in those with prolonged arthritis pain or hip fractures, and postoperative infection is a serious complication. Mycoplasma hominis, belonging to mycoplasma species, exists mainly in the genitourinary tract. M. hominis infection after total hip replacement was rarely documented in literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 59-year-old male was febrile after left total hip replacement. Empiric therapy with cefepime for suspected infection was ineffective. Specimens at the infection site were collected for culture, and pinpoint colonies grew after incubation at 35 °C for 48 h on blood agar plate. They grew to approximately 0.5 mm colonies in diameter after 7-day incubation, and were identified as M. hominis. Sequentially, combination therapy with clindamycin hydrochloride and moxifloxacin was initiated, and the patient defervesced within 3 days and was discharged home.
CONCLUSIONS
The study highlighted the potential pathogenicity of M. hominis in postoperative infection. The possibility of this microorganism involvement should be valued if the patients who experienced the hip or joint replacement had inexplicable fever.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Clindamycin; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 30642271
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3686-z -
Computational and Structural... 2021Mycoplasmas are parasitic bacteria with streamlined genomes and complex nutritional requirements. Although iron is vital for almost all organisms, its utilization by... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasmas are parasitic bacteria with streamlined genomes and complex nutritional requirements. Although iron is vital for almost all organisms, its utilization by mycoplasmas is controversial. Despite its minimalist nature, mycoplasmas can survive and persist within the host, where iron availability is rigorously restricted through nutritional immunity. In this review, we describe the putative iron-enzymes, transporters, and metalloregulators of four relevant human mycoplasmas. This work brings in light critical differences in the mycoplasma-iron interplay. , the species with the largest genome (1.36 Mb), shows a more classic repertoire of iron-related proteins, including different enzymes using iron-sulfur clusters as well as iron storage and transport systems. In contrast, the iron requirement is less apparent in the three species with markedly reduced genomes, (0.58 Mb), (0.67 Mb) and (0.82 Mb), as they exhibit only a few proteins possibly involved in iron homeostasis. The multiple facets of iron metabolism in mycoplasmas illustrate the remarkable evolutive potential of these minimal organisms when facing nutritional immunity and question the dependence of several human-infecting species for iron. Collectively, our data contribute to better understand the unique biology and infective strategies of these successful pathogens.
PubMed: 34765092
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.022 -
Epidemiology and Infection Dec 2013The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections and to investigate associations between their...
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections and to investigate associations between their presence in the lower female genital tract and lifestyle characteristics. The study was performed on a population of 3115 women, comparing the demographic and behavioural characteristics of 872 women with U. urealyticum infection and 142 women with M. hominis with uninfected women, using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of infection with U. urealyticum was 28% and M. hominis was 4.6%. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, intrauterine device, number of sexual partners and age (<35 years) were significantly associated with U. urealyticum while previous induced abortion, condom use and young age at first intercourse (<16 years) were associated with M. hominis infection. U. urealyticum infection presents the same demographic and behavioural characteristics of a sexually transmitted disease. The unprotective role of condom use suggests a non-sexual mode of transmission of M. hominis infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Outpatients; Prevalence; Reproductive Tract Infections; Rome; Sexual Behavior; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Young Adult
PubMed: 23445723
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268813000277 -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Aug 2016The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between infection and infertility in male outpatients among a Chinese population. Epidemiological data,...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between infection and infertility in male outpatients among a Chinese population. Epidemiological data, including prevalence, age distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of patients with an or infection were collected between 2009 and 2012. Among the 7,374 individuals analyzed, 3,225 patients (43.7%) were determined to be positive for infection with , or for both . Among the positive cultures, was detected most frequently, while was rarely found. The age range of 25-34 years was the preferred period for the positive detection. Tetracyclines and josamycin were the most effective agents against both genital , including in the case of co-infection. Macrolides (erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin except for josamycin) were effective against the majority of clinical isolates, but were naturally resisted by M. hominis in this study. Fluoroquinolones had the lowest activity against , particularly in cases of co-infection. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones showed a similar pattern of drug resistance against to that of . Antibiotic resistance did not vary significantly over the test period. Notably, an elevated multi-drug resistance rate was observed in patients co-infected with both . In light of the epidemiological characteristics of genital in male infertility patients, the present results may aid Chinese clinicians to implement rational drug usage and avoid the overuse of antibiotics.
PubMed: 27443698
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3409