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Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2006Recent situation of HIV-related mycosis was discussed in this paper, with the analysis of 1) annual report of HIV trends in Japan by the AIDS epidemiology committee, 2)... (Review)
Review
Recent situation of HIV-related mycosis was discussed in this paper, with the analysis of 1) annual report of HIV trends in Japan by the AIDS epidemiology committee, 2) report of HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) collected by the AIDS-OIs research group funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and 3) 17 cases of HIV-related aspergillosis collected by the author. Annual AIDS cases were increasing, and their major diseases were included with the following mycosis: pneumosystis pneumonia 35.7%, candidiasis 19.1%, and cryptococcosis 2.4%. There were two foreigner's cases of histoplasmosis and no coccidioidosis. Candidiasis was likely to be shown in Japanese patients and cryptococcosis was in foreigners. Outcome of cryptococcosis was very poor as 32.7% of patients died. There were 17 HIV-related aspergillosis, which consisted of 13 cases of lung diseases, 2 of brain lesions, and one each of sinus and stomach disease. Remarkable risk factor of HIV-related aspergillosis was decrease of CD4 cell count less than 10/microl, in addition to the usual risk factors of aspergillosis. Outcome of aspergillosis was very poor, as all treated cases died except one recent case treated with voriconazole.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Aspergillosis; Humans; Mycoses
PubMed: 16940949
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.161 -
Annals of Parasitology 2012Current issues concerning Parasitology and Mycology with regard to diseases of the skin and its appendages are presented. Aspects of diagnostics, clinical picture and... (Review)
Review
Current issues concerning Parasitology and Mycology with regard to diseases of the skin and its appendages are presented. Aspects of diagnostics, clinical picture and therapy of skin and nail mycoses, as well as difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of both native parasitoses (toxoplasmosis) and imported human tropical parasitoses (malaria, filariosis) have been emphasised. The clinical importance of environmental mould fungi in nosocomial infections and fungal meningitis, as well as selected properties of fungi isolated from patients with head and neck neoplasms treated by radiotherapy are discussed. Other mycological topics include the characteristics of newly-synthesized thiosemicarbazides and thiadiazoles as potential drugs against toxoplasmosis and their biological activity against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, selected molecular mechanisms of resistance to azoles, Candida albicans strains and a new tool (barcoding DNA) for describing the biodiversity of potential allergenic molds. The importance of environmental factors in pathogenesis of mycoses and parasitoses is noted. The characteristics of pathogenic fungi isolated from natural ponds in Bialystok and potentially pathogenic yeast-like fungi isolated from children's recreation areas in Lodz are presented. The ongoing problem of anthropozoonoses is considered, as are the roles of stray cats and dogs in contaminating soil with the developing forms of intestinal parasites. The characteristics of the human microbiome, including population composition, activity and their importance in normal human physiology, are presented, as are the major goals of the Human Microbiome Project initiated by National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Topics: Animals; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Mycoses; Parasitic Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 23444796
DOI: No ID Found -
Medical Mycology Journal 2017Real-time test results are necessary for early diagnosis and in determining treatment orientation in medical practice. Point of Care Testing (POCT) is a testing system... (Review)
Review
Real-time test results are necessary for early diagnosis and in determining treatment orientation in medical practice. Point of Care Testing (POCT) is a testing system that provides beneficial and helpful information for diagnosis and treatment through real-time testing at the bedside. Therefore, POCT has high utility value in the field of infectious diseases as a rapid test that provides, within the consultation hours, useful information for initial treatment.Infectious disease rapid test kits are commercially available for a wide variety of prophlogistic pathogen targets, including bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and other disease agents. One of these kits is immunochromatography assay (ICA), a measuring method used as POCT that is easy to operate, wherein even physicians and nurses can conduct the test.Serodiagnostic method has been adjunctively used in medical practice in Japan for early clinical diagnosis of deep mycosis as a means to determine treatments. However, this method is complicated and is considered a full-scale clinical examination; therefore, it is not included in the category of POCT. Recently, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method has been tested as a POCT for diagnosis of fungal infection in the US. Development of a laboratory procedure using simple and highly accurate POCT for early diagnosis of deep mycosis is expected in the near future.
Topics: Chromatography, Affinity; Communicable Diseases; Early Diagnosis; Humans; Mycoses; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Point-of-Care Testing; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
PubMed: 28855485
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.012 -
Mycopathologia Aug 2020Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been sweeping across the globe. Based on a retrospective... (Review)
Review
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been sweeping across the globe. Based on a retrospective analysis of SARS and influenza data from China and worldwide, we surmise that the fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 might be missed or misdiagnosed. Although there are few publications, COVID-19 patients, especially severely ill or immunocompromised, have a higher probability of suffering from invasive mycoses. Aspergillus and Candida infections in COVID-19 patients will require early detection by a comprehensive diagnostic intervention (histopathology, direct microscopic examination, culture, (1,3)-β-D-glucan, galactomannan, and PCR-based assays) to ensure effective treatments. We suggest it is prudent to assess the risk factors, the types of invasive mycosis, the strengths and limitations of diagnostic methods, clinical settings, and the need for standard or individualized treatment in COVID-19 patients. We provide a clinical flow diagram to assist the clinicians and laboratory experts in the management of aspergillosis, candidiasis, mucormycosis, or cryptococcosis as co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: COVID-19; Candidiasis, Invasive; China; Coronavirus Infections; Cryptococcosis; Humans; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis; Mucormycosis; Mycoses; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral
PubMed: 32737747
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Sep 2010Invasive fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates and in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent children. Although these infections... (Review)
Review
Invasive fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates and in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent children. Although these infections have been well characterized in adults, the incidence and analysis of risk factors, diagnostic tools, treatments and outcomes have not been well described for large cohorts of paediatric or neonatal patients. Paediatric exclusion has limited our knowledge of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of paediatric fungal disease, and has also resulted in a paucity of data regarding the safety and efficacy of paediatric antifungal therapy. Previous paediatric cooperative models in other disciplines have successfully advanced our understanding and treatments of childhood diseases, but in the past there has not been a similar organization for paediatric invasive fungal infections. Although there are numerous other reviews outlining the differences in paediatric antifungal dosing pharmacokinetics, there are only smaller epidemiological reports depicting the exact distribution and outcomes of paediatric invasive fungal infections treated with these antifungals. This review will highlight some of the available epidemiological data on paediatric invasive fungal infections.
Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20840541
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03288.x -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2016In solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Detection of IFIs can be difficult... (Review)
Review
In solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Detection of IFIs can be difficult because the signs and symptoms are similar to those of viral or bacterial infections, and diagnostic techniques have limited sensitivity and specificity. Clinicians must rely on knowledge of the patient's risk factors for fungal infection to make a diagnosis. The authors describe their approach to the SOT recipient with suspected fungal infection. The epidemiology of IFIs in the SOT population is reviewed, and a syndromic approach to suspected IFI in SOT recipients is described.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mycoses; Organ Transplantation
PubMed: 26739603
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.001 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Aug 2008The genus Alternaria contains several species of melanized hyphomycetes that cause opportunistic human infections. The published literature contains 210 reported cases... (Review)
Review
The genus Alternaria contains several species of melanized hyphomycetes that cause opportunistic human infections. The published literature contains 210 reported cases of human alternarioses between 1933 and the present day. The most frequent clinical manifestations are cutaneous and subcutaneous infections (74.3%), followed by oculomycosis (9.5%), invasive and non-invasive rhinosinusitis (8.1%) and onychomycosis (8.1%). Immunosuppression is frequently associated with cutaneous and subcutaneous infections and rhinosinusitis. The most important risk factors for cutaneous and subcutaneous infections are solid organ transplantation and Cushing's syndrome, and those for rhinosinusitis are bone marrow transplants. Having been exposed to soil and garbage is common in all cases of oculomycosis, with corticotherapy being a risk factor in 50% of these cases. Previous contact with soil and/or trauma to the nails is associated with most cases of onychomycosis. In general, alternariosis shows a good response to conventional antifungal drugs. On some occasions, steroid suppression or reduction is sufficient to resolve an infection. Itraconazole is the antifungal drug used most frequently to successfully treat onychomycosis and cutaneous and subcutaneous infections. Posaconazole and voriconazole are promising therapeutic options, with the latter being especially so for oculomycosis.
Topics: Alternaria; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Dermatomycoses; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Mycoses
PubMed: 18727797
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02024.x -
Medical Mycology Journal 2023This is a report of the results of the epidemiological survey on dermatomycoses conducted in 2021. A total of 9,442 patients with dermatomycosis were reported for one...
This is a report of the results of the epidemiological survey on dermatomycoses conducted in 2021. A total of 9,442 patients with dermatomycosis were reported for one year. They include 8,151 (86.3%) with dermatophytosis, 796 (8.4%) with candidiasis, 484 (5.1%) with Malassezia infection, and 11 (0.1%) with deep cutaneous mycosis. In order, the most common types of dermatophytoses were tinea pedis (4,195 cases, 2,341 males and 1,854 females), tinea unguium (2,711 cases, 1,509 males and 1,202 females), tinea corporis (674 cases, 445 males and 229 females), tinea cruris (399 cases, 305 males and 94 females), tinea manus (125 cases, 78 males and 47 females), and tinea capitis (47 cases, 25 males and 22 females). The number of cases of tinea pedis and tinea unguium increased during the summer. A higher percentage of patients were aged 80 or older than in previous surveys. These findings may reflect the increasing percentage of elderly patients seen and the superannuation of the population. As in previous surveys, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale were the two most frequently isolated species of fungi causing dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans were the two species most often causing tinea capitis.Regarding cutaneous candidiasis, while candidal intertrigo was the most common in previous surveys, diaper candidiasis in the elderly was the most common in this survey. A background check revealed that this was because a facility included a semi-prophylactic approach to address diaper candidiasis occurring within the ward.Malassezia infections by Malassezia folliculitis clearly increased with each survey. The tendency of certain facilities with many reports of Malassezia folliculitis suggests that it is greatly affected by the presence of physicians familiar with the disease.
Topics: Male; Aged; Female; Humans; Tinea Pedis; Dermatomycoses; Onychomycosis; Japan; Tinea; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Tinea Capitis; Candidiasis; Folliculitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 38030276
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.23-00008 -
Journal of Immunological Methods Aug 2014Fungi represent emerging infectious threats to human populations worldwide. Mice and other laboratory animals have proved invaluable in modeling clinical syndromes... (Review)
Review
Fungi represent emerging infectious threats to human populations worldwide. Mice and other laboratory animals have proved invaluable in modeling clinical syndromes associated with superficial and life-threatening invasive mycoses. This review outlines salient features of common vertebrate animal model systems to study fungal pathogenesis, host antifungal immune responses, and antifungal compounds.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mycoses
PubMed: 24709390
DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.022 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Sep 2023Fungal diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet their epidemiology and burden are not well addressed. While deaths probably exceed 1.5 million per...
Fungal diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet their epidemiology and burden are not well addressed. While deaths probably exceed 1.5 million per year, many cases remain undiagnosed and underreported. Estimating the burden of these diseases is needed for prioritization and implementation of effective control programs. Here we used a model based on population at risk to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Sudan. The prevalence of the susceptible population including HIV, TB, cancer, asthma, and COPD was obtained from the literature. Incidence and prevalence of fungal infections were calculated using local data when applicable and if not available then regional or international figures were used. In total, the estimated number of Sudanese suffering from fungal disease is 5 M (10% of the total population). Tinea capitis, recurrent vulvovaginitis and keratitis are estimated to affect 4,127,760, 631,261, and 6,552 patients, respectively. HIV-related mycosis is estimated to affect 5,945 oral candidiasis, 1,921 esophageal candidiasis, 571 Pneumocystis pneumonia, and 462 cryptococcal meningitis cases. Aspergillus infections are estimated as follow: 3,438 invasive aspergillosis, 14,950 chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, 67,860 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis cases, while the prevalence of severe asthma with fungal sensitization and fungal rhinosinusitis was 86,860 and 93,600 cases, respectively. The neglected tropical disease eumycetoma was estimated to affect 16,837 cases with a rate of 36/100,000. Serious fungal infections are quite common in Sudan and require urgent attention to improve diagnosis, promote treatment, and develop surveillance programs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Sudan; Mycoses; Candidiasis; Asthma; HIV Infections
PubMed: 37656764
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011464