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Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Apr 2012To review acute angle closure attacks induced by local and systemic medications. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review acute angle closure attacks induced by local and systemic medications.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed literature searches up to August 2011.
STUDY SELECTION
The following key words were used for the search: "drug", "iatrogenic", "acute angle closure glaucoma".
DATA EXTRACTION
A total of 86 articles were retrieved using the key words. Only those concerning acute angle closure attack triggered by local or systemic drug administration were included. For articles on the same or related topics, those published at later or more recent dates were selected. As a result, 44 articles were included and formed the basis of this review.
DATA SYNTHESIS
An acute attack of angle closure can be triggered by dilatation of the pupil, by anatomical changes in the ciliary body and iris, or by movement of the iris-lens diaphragm. Local and systemic medications that cause these changes have the potential to precipitate an attack of acute angle closure. The risk is higher in subjects who are predisposed to the development of angle closure. Many pharmaceutical agents including ophthalmic eyedrops and systemic drugs prescribed by general practitioners and various specialists (in psychiatry, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, medicine, and anaesthesia) can precipitate an acute angle closure attack. The medications include: anti-histamines, anti-epileptics, antiparkinsonian agents, antispasmolytic drugs, mydriatic agents, sympathetic agents, and botulinum toxin.
CONCLUSION
Since acute angle closure attack is a potentially blinding eye disease, it is extremely important to be vigilant and aware of ophthalmic and systemic medications that can lead to such attacks in predisposed subjects and to diagnose the condition when it occurs.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressive Agents; Cholinergic Antagonists; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure; Humans; Mydriatics; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22477738
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Nov 1965
Topics: Adult; Ethnology; Glaucoma; Humans; Iris; Mydriatics; Pigmentation
PubMed: 5833615
DOI: No ID Found -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 1969
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Mydriatics; Parasympatholytics; Sympathomimetics
PubMed: 5794962
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.53.6.428 -
Eye (London, England) Feb 2014Myopia has been increasing in prevalence throughout the world, reaching over 90% in some East Asian populations. There is increasing evidence that whereas genetics... (Review)
Review
Myopia has been increasing in prevalence throughout the world, reaching over 90% in some East Asian populations. There is increasing evidence that whereas genetics clearly have an important role, the type of visual environment to which one is exposed to likely influences the onset, progression, and cessation of myopia. Consequently, attempts to either modify the environment or to reduce the exposure of the eye to various environmental stimuli to eye growth through the use of various optical devices are well under way at research centers around the globe. The most promising of current treatments include low-percentage atropine, bifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal spectacles. These methods are discussed briefly and are then categorized in terms of their expected degree of myopia progression control. A clinical strategy is presented for selecting the most effective treatment for the appropriate type of patient at the optimal stage of refractive development to achieve the maximum control of myopia progression.
Topics: Atropine; Contact Lenses; Disease Progression; Humans; Mydriatics; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures
PubMed: 24357844
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.259 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International May 2022
Topics: Humans; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 35974463
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0095 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... May 2022Identifying children at highest risk for rapid myopia progression and/or rapid axial elongation could help prioritize who should receive clinical treatment or be...
SIGNIFICANCE
Identifying children at highest risk for rapid myopia progression and/or rapid axial elongation could help prioritize who should receive clinical treatment or be enrolled in randomized clinical trials. Our models suggest that these goals are difficult to accomplish.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to develop models predicting future refractive error and axial length using children's baseline data and history of myopia progression and axial elongation.
METHODS
Models predicting refractive error and axial length were created using randomly assigned training and test data sets from 916 myopic participants in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study. Subjects were 7 to 14 years of age at study entry with three consecutive annual visits that included cycloplegic A-scan ultrasound and autorefraction. The effect of adding prior change in axial length and refractive error was evaluated for each model.
RESULTS
Age, ethnicity, and greater myopia were significant predictors of future refractive error and axial length, whereas prior progression or elongation, near work, time outdoors, and parental myopia were not. The 95% limits for the difference between actual and predicted change were ±0.22 D and ±0.14 mm without prior change data compared with ±0.26 D and ±0.16 mm with prior change data. Sensitivity and specificity for identifying fast progressors were between 60.8 and 63.2%, respectively, when the cut points were close to the sample average. Positive predictive value and sample yield were even lower when the cut points were more extreme.
CONCLUSIONS
Young, more myopic Asian American children in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study were the most likely to progress rapidly. Clinical trials should expect average progression rates that reflect sample demographics and may have difficulty recruiting generalizable samples that progress faster than that average. Knowing progression or elongation history does not seem to help the clinical decision regarding initiating myopia control.
Topics: Child; Disease Progression; Ethnicity; Humans; Mydriatics; Myopia; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors
PubMed: 35511119
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001883 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Feb 2023We evaluated, in a real-life setting, the effect of Mydrane® (ready-to-use combination of tropicamide, phenylephrine hydrochloride and lidocaine, injected into the...
Pupil diameter during cataract surgery after intracameral injection of the first ready-to-use combination of mydriatics and anaesthetic at the beginning of surgery in patients with a preoperative pupil diameter <6 mm.
PURPOSE
We evaluated, in a real-life setting, the effect of Mydrane® (ready-to-use combination of tropicamide, phenylephrine hydrochloride and lidocaine, injected into the anterior chamber at the beginning of cataract surgery to induce mydriasis and intraocular anaesthesia) on the pupil diameter during cataract surgery in patients with a preoperative pupil diameter <6 mm after the use of topical mydriatics.
METHODS
We collected and analysed the data of 59 consecutive patients whose pupils dilated to a diameter <6 mm after the administration of mydriatic eye drops during the preoperative visit and who received Mydrane® during cataract surgery.
RESULTS
In the group of 59 patients with a preoperative pupil diameter <6 mm after topical mydriatics, cataract surgery was performed in 36 patients (61.0%) using only Mydrane® to obtain mydriasis, with no additional drug or medical device. The mean pupil diameters in this group (36 of 59) during the preoperative assessment after topical mydriatics and just before capsulorhexis when Mydrane® was injected during surgery were 5.1 ± 0.74 and 6.15 ± 1.14 mm. Additional drugs were used in 23 patients (39%). In this group, the mean pupil diameters after topical mydriatics and just before capsulorhexis using Mydrane® were 4.58 ± 1.06 and 5.6 ± 1.26 mm, respectively.
CONCLUSION
In a real-life setting, the mean pupil diameter achieved during cataract surgery after the intracameral injection of Mydrane® in patients with a preoperative pupil diameter <6 mm was over 1 mm larger than the mean pupil diameter after topical mydriatics, despite the trauma caused by the operation.
Topics: Humans; Mydriatics; Mydriasis; Phacoemulsification; Tropicamide; Phenylephrine; Lidocaine; Anesthetics; Cataract; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 35974455
DOI: 10.1111/aos.15218 -
Clinical Genetics Sep 1977Routine ophthalmoscopy and fundoscopy of 673 individuals revealed 42 whose irides failed to dilate to a clinically useful degree within 25 to 30 min after the...
Routine ophthalmoscopy and fundoscopy of 673 individuals revealed 42 whose irides failed to dilate to a clinically useful degree within 25 to 30 min after the administration of drops of 1% mydracil. These individuals occurred with different frequency among the Aymara, Mestizo, and non-Aymara groups which made up the sample of examinees. The phenomenon was most common among the Aymara, less common among the Mestizos, and least common among the non-Aymara. Distribution of affected individuals within the three groups suggests that the trait is inherited.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Chile; Eye Color; Female; Fundus Oculi; Genetics, Medical; Humans; Indians, South American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Mydriatics; Ophthalmoscopy; Pupil
PubMed: 908166
DOI: No ID Found -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Nov 2022To determine the efficacy of two myopia control contact lenses (CL) compared with a single-vision (SV) CL. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To determine the efficacy of two myopia control contact lenses (CL) compared with a single-vision (SV) CL.
METHODS
Ninety-five Chinese children with myopia, aged 7-13 years in a 1-year prospective, randomised, contralateral, cross-over clinical trial with 3 groups; bilateral SVCL (Group I); randomised, contralateral wear of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) CL and SVCL (Group II) and MiSight® CL and SVCL (Group III). In Groups II and III, CL were crossed over at the 6-month point (Stage 1) and worn for a further 6 months (Stage 2). Group I wore SVCL during both stages. At baseline and the end of each stage, cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) and axial length (AL) were measured. Six-monthly ΔSE/ΔAL across groups was analysed using a linear mixed model (CL type, stage, eye and eye* stage included as factors). Intra-group paired differences between eyes were determined.
RESULTS
In Group I, mean (SD) ΔSE/ΔAL with SVCL was -0.41 (0.28) D/0.13 (0.09) mm and -0.25 (0.27) D/0.16 (0.09) mm for stages 1 and 2, with a mean paired difference between eyes of 0.01 D/0.01 mm and 0.05 D/-0.01 mm, respectively. ΔSE/ΔAL with SVCL was similar across Groups I to III (Stage 1: p = 0.89/0.44, Stage 2: p = 0.70/ 0.64). In Groups II and III, ΔSE/ΔAL was lower with the EDOF and MiSight® CL than the contralateral SVCL in 68% to 94% of participants, and adjusted 6-month ΔSE/ΔAL with EDOF was similar to MiSight® (p = 0.49/0.56 for ΔSE/ΔAL, respectively). Discontinuations across the three groups were high, but not different between the groups (33.3%, 48.4% and 50% for Groups I to III, respectively [p = 0.19]) and most discontinuations occurred immediately after baseline.
CONCLUSIONS
Extended depth of focus and MiSight® CL demonstrated similar efficacy in slowing myopia. When switched from a myopia control CL to SVCL, myopia progression was similar to that observed with age-matched wearers in SVCL and not suggestive of rebound.
Topics: Child; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Disease Progression; Eyeglasses; Humans; Mydriatics; Myopia; Prospective Studies; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 36006761
DOI: 10.1111/opo.13042 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2019Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment affecting 2-5% of the general population. Amblyopia is a developmental cortical disorder of the visual... (Review)
Review
Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment affecting 2-5% of the general population. Amblyopia is a developmental cortical disorder of the visual pathway essentially due to abnormal visual stimulus, reaching the binocular cortical cells, which may be multivariate. Ganglion cells are of two types: parvocellular (P cells) and magnocellular (M cells); they are the first step where the light energy is converted in to neural impulse. P cells are involved in fine visual acuity, fine stereopsis, and color vision and M cells are involved in gross stereopsis and movement recognition. Strabismus, refractive error, cataract, and ptosis, occurring during critical period are highly amblyogenic. The critical period extends from birth to 7--8 years. The earlier the clinically significant refractive error and strabismus are detected and treated, the greater the likelihood of preventing amblyopia. Treatment for amblyopia in children includes: optical correction of significant refractive errors, patching, pharmacological treatment, and alternative therapies which include: vision therapy, binocular therapy, and liquid crystal display eyeglasses are newer treatment modalities for amblyopia. Age of starting the treatment is not predictive of outcome, instituting treatment on detection and early detection plays a role in achieving better outcomes. This review aims to give a simplified update on amblyopia, which will be of use to a clinician, in understanding the pathophysiology of the complex condition. We also share the cortical aspects of amblyopia and give recent developments in the treatment of amblyopia.
Topics: Amblyopia; Atropine; Eyeglasses; Humans; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Sensory Deprivation; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31436180
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_11_19