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Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and... May 2017Granulomatous inflammation is a histologic pattern of tissue reaction which appears following cell injury. Granulomatous inflammation is caused by a variety of... (Review)
Review
Granulomatous inflammation is a histologic pattern of tissue reaction which appears following cell injury. Granulomatous inflammation is caused by a variety of conditions including infection, autoimmune, toxic, allergic, drug, and neoplastic conditions. The tissue reaction pattern narrows the pathologic and clinical differential diagnosis and subsequent clinical management. Common reaction patterns include necrotizing granulomas, non necrotizing granulomas, suppurative granulomas, diffuse granulomatous inflammation, and foreign body giant cell reaction. Prototypical examples of necrotizing granulomas are seen with infections and non-necrotizing granulomas with sarcoidosis. However, broad differential diagnoses exist within each category. Using a pattern based algorithmic approach, identification of the etiology becomes apparent when taken with clinical context. The pulmonary system is one of the most commonly affected sites to encounter granulomatous inflammation. Infectious causes of granuloma are most prevalent with mycobacteria and dimorphic fungi leading the differential diagnoses. Unlike the lung, skin can be affected by several routes, including direct inoculation, endogenous sources, and hematogenous spread. This broad basis of involvement introduces a variety of infectious agents, which can present as necrotizing or non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Non-infectious etiologies require a thorough clinicopathologic review to narrow the scope of the pathogenesis which include: foreign body reaction, autoimmune, neoplastic, and drug related etiologies. Granulomatous inflammation of the kidney, often referred to as granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) is unlike organ systems such as the skin or lungs. The differential diagnosis of GIN is more frequently due to drugs and sarcoidosis as compared to infections (fungal and mycobacterial). Herein we discuss the pathogenesis and histologic patterns seen in a variety of organ systems and clinical conditions.
PubMed: 31723695
DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2017.02.001 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Jun 2007Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) is a chondral and ectodermal dysplasia characterized by short ribs, polydactyly, growth retardation, and ectodermal and heart defects.... (Review)
Review
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) is a chondral and ectodermal dysplasia characterized by short ribs, polydactyly, growth retardation, and ectodermal and heart defects. It is a rare disease with approximately 150 cases reported worldwide. The exact prevalence is unknown, but the syndrome seems more common among the Amish community. Prenatal abnormalities (that may be detected by ultrasound examination) include narrow thorax, shortening of long bones, hexadactyly and cardiac defects. After birth, cardinal features are short stature, short ribs, polydactyly, and dysplastic fingernails and teeth. Heart defects, especially abnormalities of atrial septation, occur in about 60% of cases. Cognitive and motor development is normal. This rare condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with variable expression. Mutations of the EVC1 and EVC2 genes, located in a head to head configuration on chromosome 4p16, have been identified as causative. EVC belongs to the short rib-polydactyly group (SRP) and these SRPs, especially type III (Verma-Naumoff syndrome), are discussed in the prenatal differential diagnosis. Postnatally, the essential differential diagnoses include Jeune dystrophy, McKusick-Kaufman syndrome and Weyers syndrome. The management of EVC is multidisciplinary. Management during the neonatal period is mostly symptomatic, involving treatment of the respiratory distress due to narrow chest and heart failure. Orthopedic follow-up is required to manage the bones deformities. Professional dental care should be considered for management of the oral manifestations. Prognosis is linked to the respiratory difficulties in the first months of life due to thoracic narrowness and possible heart defects. Prognosis of the final body height is difficult to predict.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Membrane Proteins; Mutation; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Prognosis; Proteins; Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome
PubMed: 17547743
DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-27 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2020The narrow base of genetic diversity characteristic of cowpea can be attributed to it being self-pollinating, evolving from narrow wild germplasm and exhibiting very... (Review)
Review
The narrow base of genetic diversity characteristic of cowpea can be attributed to it being self-pollinating, evolving from narrow wild germplasm and exhibiting very limited gene flow between wild and cultivated types. Backcrossing to introduce simply inherited desirable traits and utilization of improved breeding lines and varieties as parents in crossing programs further narrowed the genetic base of cowpea varieties. In most cowpea breeding programs, genes for resistance and market traits were pyramided into lines characterized by high levels of acceptance to farmers and consumers. Besides predisposing widely distributed improved varieties to genetic vulnerability, a narrow base of genetic variation may be contributing to the plateauing in cowpea grain yield, which compromises genetic gains. Cross compatible wild relatives have not been used in variety development because breeders shy away from them due to their tiny seed size, unattractive seed coat color and texture, pod shattering, and susceptibility to viruses. A number of wild cowpea relatives, both within and outside section of species, have been evaluated for their reaction to cowpea insect pests and diseases. lines were resistant to the legume pod borer (), the cowpea weevil (), and but are cross incompatible with cultivated cowpea. Some lines among the cross compatible wild relative ssp. were found to be resistant to aphid in the seedling stage, while others showed good levels of drought and heat tolerance. Molecular markers are being generated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on some desirable attributes in cowpea. Modern breeding tools, including transgenics, can be applied for the improvement of cowpea, bypassing the natural barriers of traditional breeding. Transgenic cowpea with gene showing resistance to has been released in Nigeria. Genome editing, a powerful emerging tool, can also be used for developing improved cowpea varieties with durable resistance to pests and diseases.
PubMed: 33072144
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.567425 -
The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic... Oct 2020Oral tetracyclines are commonly prescribed in dermatology, especially for acne. The most commonly used oral agents for acne treatment over the past several years are... (Review)
Review
Oral tetracyclines are commonly prescribed in dermatology, especially for acne. The most commonly used oral agents for acne treatment over the past several years are doxycycline and minocycline based on their overall efficacy and safety. Available for over five decades as immediate-release formulations, both of these agents exhibit broad-spectrum antibiotic activity and are primarily FDA-approved for treatment of a variety of cutaneous infections. In 2018, oral sarecycline was FDA-approved for the treatment of acne, which is the only disease state for which it was evaluated based on a narrower antibiotic spectrum of activity. This article reviews the overall antibiotic properties of commonly used oral tetracyclines with a focus on explaining the narrow spectrum of activity exhibited by sarecycline. Specifically, sarecycline has high activity against , the organism correlated with acne pathogenesis, as well as and , with a low potential for emergence of resistant mutant bacteria based on testing. The narrow-spectrum antibiotic designation of sarecycline relates to its negligible or low activity against many gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. This article serves to review available data to date to assist clinicians in determining potential clinical relevance related to oral antibiotic use for acne.
PubMed: 33584958
DOI: No ID Found