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Brain Research Bulletin Oct 2018The acute or chronic drug treatments for different neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are challenging from several aspects. The low bioavailability and limited... (Review)
Review
The acute or chronic drug treatments for different neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are challenging from several aspects. The low bioavailability and limited brain exposure of oral drugs, the rapid metabolism, elimination, the unwanted side effects and also the high dose to be added mean both inconvenience for the patients and high costs for the patients, their family and the society. The reason of low brain penetration of the compounds is that they have to overcome the blood-brain barrier which protects the brain against xenobiotics. Intranasal drug administration is one of the promising options to bypass blood-brain barrier, to reduce the systemic adverse effects of the drugs and to lower the doses to be administered. Furthermore, the drugs administered using nasal route have usually higher bioavailability, less side effects and result in higher brain exposure at similar dosage than the oral drugs. In this review the focus is on giving an overview on the anatomical and cellular structure of nasal cavity and absorption surface. It presents some possibilities to enhance the drug penetration through the nasal barrier and summarizes some in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo technologies to test the drug delivery across the nasal epithelium into the brain. Finally, the authors give a critical evaluation of the nasal route of administration showing its main advantages and limitations of this delivery route for CNS drug targeting.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Models, Animal; Nasal Cavity; Trigeminal Nerve
PubMed: 30449731
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.009 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical... 2009Over the recent decades the interest in intranasal delivery as a non-invasive route for drugs is increased.Since the nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target... (Review)
Review
Over the recent decades the interest in intranasal delivery as a non-invasive route for drugs is increased.Since the nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target tissue for drug delivery, a wide variety of therapeutic compounds may be administered intranasally for topic, systemic and central nervous system action. We have, herein, outlined the relevant aspects of nasal anatomy, physiology and histology, and the biological, physicochemical and pharmaceutical factors that must be considered during the process of discovery and development of nasal drugs as well as in their incorporation into appropriate nasal pharmaceutical formulations.
Topics: Absorption; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Biological Availability; Drug Discovery; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa
PubMed: 20067706
DOI: 10.18433/j3nc79 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2019Despite garnering minimal attention from the medical community overall, olfaction is indisputably critical in the manner in which we as humans interact with our... (Review)
Review
Despite garnering minimal attention from the medical community overall, olfaction is indisputably critical in the manner in which we as humans interact with our surrounding environment. As the initial anatomical structure in the olfactory pathway, the nasal airway plays a crucial role in the transmission and perception of olfactory stimuli. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of olfactory disturbances as it pertains to the sinonasal airway. This comprises an in-depth discussion of clinically relevant nasal olfactory anatomy and physiology, classification systems of olfactory disturbance, as well as the various etiologies and pathophysiologic mechanisms giving rise to this important disease entity. A systematic clinical approach to the diagnosis and clinical workup of olfactory disturbances is also provided in addition to an extensive review of the medical and surgical therapeutic modalities currently available.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Olfaction Disorders; Olfactory Bulb; Smell
PubMed: 31604553
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00018-6 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity is very rare.
INTRODUCTION
Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity is very rare.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features, treatment methods, and treatment results of actinomycosis of the nasal cavity in our hospital.
METHODS
We retrospectively enrolled 11 patients with histopathologically identified actinomycosis of the nasal cavity from January 2010 to May 2020.
RESULTS
This study included five males and six females. The most common symptom was purulent nasal discharge (36.4%). Nasal actinomycosis occurred in the maxillary sinus in 5 (45.5%) patients, the ethmoid sinus in two, the hard palate in two, the frontal sinus in one, and the nasal septum in one. After surgery, intravenous administration of antibiotics was performed on average for 7.4 days and oral antibiotics were prescribed for about 120.5 days. The clinical characteristics of the patients with nasal actinomycosis and the duration of antibiotic usage were not significantly different. Trauma was significantly associated with repeated nasal actinomycosis infections (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Actinomycosis of the nasal cavity should be suspected when a patient with chronic sinusitis does not respond to medical therapy and has a history of dental treatment, local surgery or radiation therapy. Nasal can be sufficiently treated with antibiotics and endoscopic surgery.
Topics: Humans; Nasal Cavity; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34112606
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.05.003 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Apr 2019
Topics: Adult; Animals; Endemic Diseases; Humans; India; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nose Diseases; Rhinosporidiosis; Rhinosporidium
PubMed: 30943339
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1811820 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2009Rhinoliths are rare entities encountered in clinical practice. They are calcified masses found within the nasal cavity. Which lesions can be encountered incidentally...
Rhinoliths are rare entities encountered in clinical practice. They are calcified masses found within the nasal cavity. Which lesions can be encountered incidentally upon a routine dental radiograph. This article reports a case of such an incidental finding of rhinolith on a dental radiograph.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Incidental Findings; Lithiasis; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nose Diseases; Radiography
PubMed: 19336872
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.49062 -
Proceedings of the American Thoracic... Mar 2011Olfaction represents an ancient, evolutionarily critical physiologic system. In humans, chemosensation mediates safety, nutrition, sensation of pleasure, and general... (Review)
Review
Olfaction represents an ancient, evolutionarily critical physiologic system. In humans, chemosensation mediates safety, nutrition, sensation of pleasure, and general well-being. Factors that affect human olfaction included structural aspects of the nasal cavity that can modulate airflow and therefore odorant access to the olfactory cleft, and inflammatory disease, which can affect both airflow as well as olfactory nerve function. After signals are generated, olfactory information is processed and coded in the olfactory bulb and disseminated to several areas in the brain. The discovery of olfactory receptors by Axel and Buck sparked greater understanding of the molecular basis of olfaction. However, the precise mechanisms used by this system are still under great scrutiny due to the complexity of understanding how an enormous number of chemically diverse odorant molecules are coded into signals understood by the brain. Additionally, it has been challenging to dissect olfactory sensation due to the multiple areas of areas of the brain that receive and modulate this information. Consequently, our knowledge of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains primitive. Aging represents the major cause of loss of smell, although a number of clinical and environmental factors are thought to affect chemosensory function. Treatment options focus on reducing sinonasal inflammation when present, ruling out other treatable causes, and counseling patients on safety measures.
Topics: Chemoreceptor Cells; Female; Humans; Male; Nasal Cavity; Olfaction Disorders; Olfactory Mucosa; Olfactory Receptor Neurons; Signal Transduction; Smell
PubMed: 21364221
DOI: 10.1513/pats.201005-035RN -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jun 2022This study aimed to provide researchers with an atlas of the survey anatomy, histology, and imaging of the nasal cavity of Tupaia belangeri chinensis. Seven T. b.... (Review)
Review
This study aimed to provide researchers with an atlas of the survey anatomy, histology, and imaging of the nasal cavity of Tupaia belangeri chinensis. Seven T. b. chinensis adult males were euthanized and scanned using micro-computed tomography (CT). The nose was separated, and tissue sections were made on the coronal and axial planes to observe the survey anatomy and histological and imaging characteristics of the nose. T. b. chinensis contains one maxilloturbinal and three ethmoturbinals, one nasoturbinal, one interturbinal, two frontoturbinals, and one lamina semicircularis in the unilateral nasal cavity. Other identified structures were the ostiomeatal complex, vomeronasal organ, superior nasal vault, maxillary sinus, and frontal recess. The drainage pathways of the sinuses and nasal airflow in T. b. chinensis were confirmed. The vault epithelium consisted of the squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium, transitional epithelium, and olfactory epithelium. Micro-CT confirmed our findings of the coronal tissue sections. The nasal cavity anatomy of T. b. chinensis is similar to that of some strepsirrhine primates. However, the airflow and olfactory function are quite different from that of humans. Our gross and histological atlas of the nasal septum, turbinals, maxillary sinus, and frontal recess provides a reference for researchers to use T. b. chinensis for nasal cavity functional research.
Topics: Animals; Male; Mammals; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Septum; Scandentia; Tupaia; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 34605617
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24793 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Aug 2022Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely...
Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross-sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total n = 321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form-space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult-specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age-related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age-in-years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (<5 years of age). Sex-based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Black People; Female; Fossils; Hominidae; Humans; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nose
PubMed: 34549897
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24760 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Aug 2022The facial differences between recent Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens can be used as a proxy for the reduction of facial prognathism that happened during evolutionary...
The facial differences between recent Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens can be used as a proxy for the reduction of facial prognathism that happened during evolutionary transition between Australopithecines and early Homo. The projecting nasal morphology of Homo has been considered both a passive consequence of anatomical reorganization related to brain and integrated craniofacial evolution as well as an adaptation related to air-conditioning during physiological and behavioral shifts in human evolution. Yet, previous research suggested impaired air-conditioning in Homo challenging respiratory adaptations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and airflow simulations. Here we improved CFD model at the inflow region and also carried out three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics to address the hypothesis of impaired air-conditioning in humans and species differences in airway shape. With the new CFD model we simulated pressure, velocity, and temperature changes in airflow of six adult humans and six chimpanzees and analyzed 164 semi-landmarks of 10 humans and 10 chimpanzees for 3D size and shape comparisons. Our finding shows significantly different internal 3D nasal airways. Also, species means of pressure, velocity, and temperature differed statistically significantly. However, form-related differences in temperature exchanges seem subtle and may question adaptive disadvantages. We rather support a hypothesis of craniofacial changes in the Australopithecus-Homo transition that are related to brain evolution and craniofacial integration with facial and nasal modifications that contribute to maintain respiratory adaptations related to air conditioning.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Computer Simulation; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Nasal Cavity; Nasopharynx; Nose; Pan troglodytes
PubMed: 34636487
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24790