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Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Jun 2022Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) in the sinonasal tract (SNT) is a rarity that has been firstly described in 1958. Since then, there have been only a few articles about this entity....
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) in the sinonasal tract (SNT) is a rarity that has been firstly described in 1958. Since then, there have been only a few articles about this entity. Most of the data available about LMS in the SNT is derived from case reports. We believe that our case will support the data set and help guiding the management of this rare condition. A 84-year-old female presented with nasal airway obstruction on the left side. She experienced several episodes of epistaxis from her left nostril, what made her to seek medical care. A rhinoscopy revealed an obstructing mass in the left nasal cavity. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses revealed a homogenous mass occupying the left nasal cavity, bone destruction of the left middle, and inferior nasal turbinates. An infiltration of the left nasolacrimal duct was also present. The patient refused to undergo open surgery and the mass was removed during an endoscopic approach. The histopathological analysis combined with immunohistochemistry was consistent with LMS. The resection margins were positive for tumor cells. A staging with CT-neck-thorax, abdomen ultrasound, and MRI of the head ruled out metastases. She underwent a second endoscopic tumor resection surgery with positive resection margins and obtained adjuvant radiotherapy. On 9 months of follow-up, there was no recurrence or metastases.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Leiomyosarcoma; Margins of Excision; Nasal Cavity; Paranasal Sinuses; Turbinates
PubMed: 32951455
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320961204 -
Biophysical Journal Dec 2023The heating and moistening of inhaled air, and the cooling and moisture removal from exhaled air, are crucial for the survival of animals under severe environmental...
The heating and moistening of inhaled air, and the cooling and moisture removal from exhaled air, are crucial for the survival of animals under severe environmental conditions. Arctic mammals have evolved specific adaptive mechanisms to retain warmth and water and restrict heat loss during breathing. Here, the role of the porous turbinates of the nasal cavities of Arctic and subtropical seals is studied with this in mind. Mass and energy balance equations are used to compute the time-dependent temperature and water vapor profiles along the nasal passage. A quasi-1D model based on computed tomography images of seal nasal cavities is used in numerical simulations. Measured cross-sectional areas of the air channel and the perimeters of the computed tomography slices along the nasal cavities of the two seal species are used. The model includes coupled heat and vapor transfer at the air-mucus interface and heat transfer at the interfaces between the tissues and blood vessels. The model, which assumes constant blood flow to the nose, can be used to predict the temperature of the exhaled air as a function of ambient temperature. The energy dissipation (entropy production) in the nasal passages was used to measure the relative importance of structural parameters for heat and water recovery. We found that an increase in perimeter led to significant decreases in the total energy dissipation. This is explained by improved conditions for heat and water transfer with a larger complexity of turbinates. Owing to differences in their nasal cavity morphology, the Arctic seal is expected to be advantaged in these respects relative to the subtropical seal.
Topics: Animals; Nasal Cavity; Turbinates; Respiration; Temperature; Structure-Activity Relationship; Mammals
PubMed: 38101406
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.012 -
Journal of Bacteriology Feb 2021Like other microbes that live on or in the human body, the bacteria that inhabit the upper respiratory tract, in particular the nasal cavity, have evolved to survive in... (Review)
Review
Like other microbes that live on or in the human body, the bacteria that inhabit the upper respiratory tract, in particular the nasal cavity, have evolved to survive in an environment that presents a number of physical and chemical challenges; these microbes are constantly bombarded with nutritional fluctuations, changes in humidity, the presence of inhaled particulate matter (odorants and allergens), and competition with other microbes. Indeed, only a specialized set of species is able to colonize this niche and successfully contend with the host's immune system and the constant threat from competitors. To this end, bacteria that live in the nasal cavity have evolved a variety of approaches to outcompete contenders for the limited nutrients and space; broadly speaking, these strategies may be considered a type of "bacterial warfare." A greater molecular understanding of bacterial warfare has the potential to reveal new approaches or molecules that can be developed as novel therapeutics. As such, there are many studies within the last decade that have sought to understand the complex polymicrobial interactions that occur in various environments. Here, we review what is currently known about the age-dependent structure and interbacterial relationships within the nasal microbiota and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are predicted to dictate bacterial warfare in this niche. Although the currently described interactions are complex, in reality, we have likely only scratched the surface in terms of a true understanding of the types of interbacterial competition and cooperation that are thought to take place in and on the human body.
Topics: Animals; Antibiosis; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Mice; Microbiota; Nasal Cavity; Symbiosis
PubMed: 33077632
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00480-20 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Jul 2022Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a tumor characterized by plasma cell proliferation in organs or tissues outside the bone marrow. It originates from B lymphocytes... (Review)
Review
Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a tumor characterized by plasma cell proliferation in organs or tissues outside the bone marrow. It originates from B lymphocytes and can occur in all extramedullary tissues and organs of the body. Primary EMPs of the nasal cavity are relatively rare and mostly presented as case reports. Nasal EMP usually manifests as nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and progressive dyspnea. A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of rhinorrhagia with nasal obstruction. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a mass in the right nasal passage, which we resected under nasal endoscopy. At the 2-year follow-up, positron emission tomography/CT showed osteolytic bone destruction in the third cervical vertebra and its accessories, accompanied by increased metabolism. We considered the possibility of progression to myeloma, but the patient refused another puncture biopsy. We reviewed the literature for the clinical characteristics and CT findings of 14 patients pathologically confirmed with EMPs of the nasal cavity. All patients had nonspecific clinical manifestations, such as nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Computed tomography mostly showed a uniform-density polypoid mass in the nasal cavity. Therefore, nasal EMP should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasal polyps and other nasal tumors.
Topics: Epistaxis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Obstruction; Nose Neoplasms; Plasmacytoma
PubMed: 33044842
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320960005 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... May 2022The mechanism of nasal airflow perception remains little known. It is currently believed that the main mechanism for perceiving nasal patency is to activate transient... (Review)
Review
The mechanism of nasal airflow perception remains little known. It is currently believed that the main mechanism for perceiving nasal patency is to activate transient receptor potential melastatin subtype 8. Computer fluent dynamics show that increased airflow and heat flux are associated with higher subjective scores. Similarly, physical measurements of the nasal cavity using a temperature probe show a correlation between the lower nasal mucosa temperature and better results. Trigeminal function detection also indirectly confirms this. This literature review aimed to explore the role of nasal mucosal temperature change in the subjective perception of nasal patency and the secondary aim was to appraise the relevant evidence about the mechanism.
Topics: Body Temperature; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Perception; Temperature
PubMed: 35483696
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.05.017 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2008Mandibular cross-sectional deficiency is a dentofacial defect in connection with the narrowing of the mandibular arch width. This abnormality is a significant... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Mandibular cross-sectional deficiency is a dentofacial defect in connection with the narrowing of the mandibular arch width. This abnormality is a significant etiopathogenic factor and it is often associated with nasal breathing difficulties. This atresia may be treated through Rapid Maxillary Expansion or Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion, depending on the patient's age. Both procedures will change the craniofacial structure, especially the nasal cavity.
AIM
Based on literature review, the purpose of this paper was to report the relationship among maxillary expansion, nasal cavity and Nasal Airflow Resistance.
METHOD
A non-systematic literary review was conducted in search of experimental studies to treat maxillary atresia. Papers considering Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion were included, whereas those using Maxillary Expansion through Segmented Osteotomy were excluded.
RESULT
Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion cause dentofacial changes, especially in the nasal cavity. Consequently, the nose width enlarges, reducing Nasal Airflow Resistance.
CONCLUSION
Anteroposterior cephalometric studies show evidence of an enlarged nasal cavity following maxillary expansion.
Topics: Airway Resistance; Cephalometry; Humans; Maxilla; Nasal Cavity; Palatal Expansion Technique; Respiration; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Rhinometry, Acoustic
PubMed: 19082360
DOI: 10.1016/S1808-8694(15)31388-4 -
The American Journal of the Medical... Jul 1998Rhinosinusitis, an inflammatory disease involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, affects millions of individuals and its costs run into the billions of dollars.... (Review)
Review
Rhinosinusitis, an inflammatory disease involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, affects millions of individuals and its costs run into the billions of dollars. The development of rigid nasal telescopes has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Recent endoscopic evaluations have identified certain key areas within the nasal cavity that, when inflamed, lead to sinus ostial obstruction and subsequent sinus infection. The telescope's increased visualization capabilities permits the physician to better target and individualize patient care and the techniques that have grown out of this new tool allow for a more physiologic approach to surgical treatment. The pathophysiology of rhinosinusitis and its medical treatments are considered. Indications for surgical management are reviewed, with attention to nontraditional or extended applications of endoscopic techniques. Preoperative evaluation, including nasal endoscopy and radiographic imaging, as well as surgical technique and postoperative care are discussed. Evaluation of outcomes from surgical treatment in appropriately selected patients have demonstrated the success of this technique.
Topics: Endoscopy; Humans; Mucociliary Clearance; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Polyps; Paranasal Sinuses; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 9671041
DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199807000-00005 -
Journal of Anatomy Aug 2021Solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters are distributed in the pharynx and larynx. In the present study, the morphology and reflexogenic function of...
Solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters are distributed in the pharynx and larynx. In the present study, the morphology and reflexogenic function of solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters in the nasal cavity and pharynx were examined using immunofluorescence for GNAT3 and electrophysiology. In the nasal cavity, GNAT3-immunoreactive solitary chemosensory cells were widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, particularly in the cranial region near the nostrils. Solitary chemosensory cells were also observed in the nasopharynx. Solitary chemosensory cells in the nasopharyngeal cavity were barrel like or slender in shape with long lateral processes within the epithelial layer to attach surrounding ciliated epithelial cells. Chemosensory cell clusters containing GNAT3-immunoreactive cells were also detected in the pharynx. GNAT3-immunoreactive cells gathered with SNAP25-immunoreactive cells in chemosensory clusters. GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells were in close contact with a few SP- or CGRP-immunoreactive nerve endings. In the pharynx, GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells were also attached to P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings. Physiologically, the perfusion of 10 mM quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) solution induced ventilatory depression. The QHCl-induced reflex was diminished by bilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve, suggesting autonomic reflex were evoked by chemosensory cells in pharynx but not in nasal mucosa. The present results indicate that complex shape of nasopharyngeal solitary chemosensory cells may contribute to intercellular communication, and pharyngeal chemosensory cells may play a role in respiratory depression.
Topics: Animals; Capsaicin; Chemoreceptor Cells; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Pharynx; Quinine; Rats, Wistar; Transducin; Rats
PubMed: 33677835
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13424 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) May 2021Living primates show a complex trend in reduction of nasal cavity spaces and structures due to moderate to severe constraint on interorbital breadth. Here we describe...
Living primates show a complex trend in reduction of nasal cavity spaces and structures due to moderate to severe constraint on interorbital breadth. Here we describe the ontogeny of the posterior end of the primate cartilaginous nasal capsule, the thimble shaped posterior nasal cupula (PNC), which surrounds the hind end of the olfactory region. We used a histologically sectioned sample of strepsirrhine primates and two non-primates (Tupaia belangeri, Rousettus leschenaulti), and histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to study the PNC in a perinatal sample. At birth, most strepsirrhines possess only fragments of PNC, and these lack a perichondrium. Fetal specimens of several species reveal a more complete PNC, but the cartilage exhibits uneven or weak reactivity to type II collagen antibodies. Moreover, there is relatively less matrix than in the septal cartilage, resulting in clustering of chondrocytes, some of which are in direct contact with adjacent connective tissues. In one primate (Varecia spp.) and both non-primates, the PNC has a perichondrium at birth. In older, infant Varecia and Rousettus, the perichondrium of the PNC is absent, and PNC fragmentation at its posterior pole has occurred in the former. Loss of the perichondrium for the PNC appears to precede resorption of the posterior end of the nasal capsule. These results suggest that the consolidation of the basicranial and facial skeletons happens ontogenetically earlier in primates than other mammals. We hypothesize that early loss of cartilage at the sphenoethmoidal articulation limits chondral mechanisms for nasal complexity, such as interstitial expansion or endochondral ossification.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Chiroptera; Face; Nasal Cavity; Primates; Skull Base; Species Specificity; Tupaia
PubMed: 33040450
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24537 -
Current Biology : CB Oct 2020The human nasal passages host a distinct community of microbes. Katherine P. Lemon describes this distinct community, and why it matters so much for human health.
The human nasal passages host a distinct community of microbes. Katherine P. Lemon describes this distinct community, and why it matters so much for human health.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Nasal Cavity
PubMed: 33022252
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.010