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Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2019
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Microbiota; Nasal Cavity; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Probiotics
PubMed: 31635980
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.09.001 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Feb 2021In embryonic amniotes, patterning of the oral and nasal cavities requires bilateral fusion between craniofacial prominences, ensuring an intact primary palate and upper...
In embryonic amniotes, patterning of the oral and nasal cavities requires bilateral fusion between craniofacial prominences, ensuring an intact primary palate and upper jaw. After fusion has taken place, the embryonic nasal cavities open anteriorly through paired external nares positioned directly above the fusion zones and bordered by the medial nasal and lateral nasal prominences. In this study, we show that in the chicken embryo, the external nares initially form as patent openings but only remain so for a short period of time. Soon after the nasal cavities form, the medial nasal and lateral nasal prominences fuse together in stage 29 embryos, entirely closing off the external nares for a substantial portion of embryonic and fetal development. The epithelium between the fused prominences is then retained and eventually develops into a nasal plug that obstructs the nasal vestibule through the majority of the fetal period. At stage 40, the nasal plug begins to break down through a combination of cellular remodeling, apoptosis, as well as non-apoptotic necrosis, leading to completely patent nasal cavities at hatching. These findings place chickens in a category with several species of nonavian reptiles and mammals (including humans) that have been found to develop a transient embryonic nasal plug. Our findings are discussed in the context of previously reported cases of nasal plugs as part of normal embryonic development and provide novel insight into the craniofacial development of a key model organism in developmental biology.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Chick Embryo; Embryonic Development; Maxilla; Nasal Cavity; Palate; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 31872940
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24349 -
Infection Aug 2021As the incidence of new cases of coronavirus disease increased exponentially, the use of viral swabs to collect nasopharyngeal specimens are increasing drastically....
BACKGROUND
As the incidence of new cases of coronavirus disease increased exponentially, the use of viral swabs to collect nasopharyngeal specimens are increasing drastically. Therefore, healthcare workers military staff and uneducated nonprofessional's were ordered to make this swabs. Subsequently case reports reported about basal skull perforation, cerebrospinal fluid fistula and injury due to an incorrect technique.
METHODS
Search of the literature.
RESULTS
Only in 44% of the videos (Youtube) nasal swabs were correctly performed. Due to an false technique biological sampling resulted in false-negative COVID-19 tests.
CONCLUSION
Although professional societies started to report about this unacceptable situation, no publication reported about this health endangerment. In this time of overwhelming information and diversity of opinions, it is necessary to report about this in the hope, all media and TV reports will follow this article to show correctly performed nasal swabs to reduce false-negative COVID-19 tests and injury.
Topics: COVID-19; False Negative Reactions; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Nasopharynx; SARS-CoV-2; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 33770388
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01607-8 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 1998Upper airway imaging is a powerful technique to study the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis, biomechanics, and efficacy of treatment options in patients with... (Review)
Review
Upper airway imaging is a powerful technique to study the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis, biomechanics, and efficacy of treatment options in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Imaging studies have provided significant insight into the static and dynamic structure, and function of the upper airway and surrounding soft-tissue structure during wakefulness and sleep. Upper airway imaging modalities primarily include nasopharyngoscopy, cephalometrics, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) scanning. These imaging modalities have been used to study the effect of respiration, weight loss, dental appliances, and upper airway surgery on the upper airway. MR imaging and CT have allowed quantification of the airway and surrounding soft-tissue structures in three dimensions. Clinical indications for upper airway imaging are evolving for patients being treated with dental appliances and upper airway surgery.
Topics: Cephalometry; Diagnostic Imaging; Electromyography; Female; Fluoroscopy; Humans; Laryngoscopy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Nasal Cavity; Obesity; Orthodontic Appliances; Pharynx; Reflex, Acoustic; Respiratory System; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 9554216
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70430-5 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jan 2021Nasal turbinals, delicate and complex bones of the nasal cavity that support respiratory or olfactory mucosa (OM), are now easily studied using high resolution...
Nasal turbinals, delicate and complex bones of the nasal cavity that support respiratory or olfactory mucosa (OM), are now easily studied using high resolution micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). Standard μ-CT currently lacks the capacity to identify OM or other mucosa types without additional radio-opaque staining techniques. However, even unstained mucosa is more radio-opaque than air, and thus mucosal thickness can be discerned. Here, we assess mucosal thickness of the nasal fossa using the cranium of a cadaveric adult dog that was μ-CT scanned with an isotropic resolution of 30 μm, and subsequently histologically sectioned and stained. After co-alignment of μ-CT slice planes to that of histology, mucosal thickness was estimated at four locations. Results based on either μ-CT or histology indicate olfactory mucosa is thicker on average compared with non-olfactory mucosa (non-OM). In addition, olfactory mucosa has a lesser degree of variability than the non-OM. Variability in the latter appears to relate mostly to the varying degree of vascularity of the lamina propria. Because of this, in structures with both specialized vascular respiratory mucosa and OM, such as the first ethmoturbinal (ET I), the range of thickness of OM and non-OM may overlap. Future work should assess the utility of diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced CT techniques, which can differentiate epithelium from the lamina propria, to enhance our ability to differentiate mucosa types on more rostral ethmoturbinals. This is especially critical for structures such as ET I, which have mixed functional roles in many mammals.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Nasal Cavity; Olfactory Mucosa; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 32959987
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24511 -
Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica :... Jun 2013The nasal valve region plays a key role in nasal breathing. In the international literature, a variety of techniques have been described to rectify nasal valve...
The nasal valve region plays a key role in nasal breathing. In the international literature, a variety of techniques have been described to rectify nasal valve compromise, but based on the present evidence it is impossible to counsel a patient as to which technique is most effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgery of the nasal valve through a hemitransfixion incision objectively with nasal endoscopy and rhinomanometry. The study group consisted of 54 males and 15 females with a mean age of 41.8 ± 14.4 years, (range: 21-72 years). After a mean follow-up of 8 ± 4.1 months, nasal endoscopy demonstrated the favourable effects of surgical treatment with a normalization of the nasal valve angles. Only 5 patients showed persistent nasal valve stenosis, and were scheduled for revision surgery. Preoperatively, total decongested inspiratory NARs were 0.245 ± 0.091 Pa/cm3/s and decreased significantly after the operation (p < 0.0005) to 0.154 ± 0.059 Pa/cm3/s. Similarly, preoperatively total decongested expiratory NARs were 0.188 ± 0.068 Pa/cm3/s and decreased significantly after the operation (p < 0.0005) to 0.142 ± 0.059 Pa/cm3/s. Moreover, total dilated inspiratory and expiratory NARs resulted significantly (p < 0.0005) lower than the preoperatively total decongested NARs, with a mean value of 0.120 ± 0.059 Pa/cm3/s and 0.102 ± 0.057 Pa/cm3/s, respectively. Statistical analysis did not reveal any influence of sex and age in rhinomanometric measurements. Hemitransfixion incision allowed a wide access to the whole valve area for inspection and correction of the various components. Rhinomanometry, performed in a decongested condition and after dilation test, was thus a useful diagnostic tool for the preoperative diagnosis of nasal valve obstruction and permitted to assess quantitatively the favourable effect of surgical procedures.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Surgical Procedures; Retrospective Studies; Rhinomanometry; Young Adult
PubMed: 23853416
DOI: No ID Found -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Mar 2022In a species of baleen whale, we identify olfactory epithelium that suggests a functional sense of smell and document the ontogeny of the surrounding olfactory anatomy....
In a species of baleen whale, we identify olfactory epithelium that suggests a functional sense of smell and document the ontogeny of the surrounding olfactory anatomy. Whales must surface to breathe, thereby providing an opportunity to detect airborne odorants. Although many toothed whales (odontocetes) lack olfactory anatomy, baleen whales (mysticetes) have retained theirs. Here, we investigate fetal and postnatal specimens of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Computed tomography (CT) reveals the presence of nasal passages and nasal chambers with simple ethmoturbinates through ontogeny. Additionally, we describe the dorsal nasal meatuses and olfactory bulb chambers. The cribriform plate has foramina that communicate with the nasal chambers. We show this anatomy within the context of the whole prenatal and postnatal skull. We document the tunnel for the ethmoidal nerve (ethmoid foramen) and the rostrolateral recess of the nasal chamber, which appears postnatally. Bilateral symmetry was apparent in the postnatal nasal chambers. No such symmetry was found prenatally, possibly due to tissue deformation. No nasal air sacs were found in fetal development. Olfactory epithelium, identified histologically, covers at least part of the ethmoturbinates. We identify olfactory epithelium using six explicit criteria of mammalian olfactory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of olfactory marker protein (OMP), which is only found in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Although it seems that these neurons are scarce in bowhead whales compared to typical terrestrial mammals, our results suggest that bowhead whales have a functional sense of smell, which they may use to find prey.
Topics: Animals; Bowhead Whale; Ethmoid Bone; Nasal Cavity; Olfactory Mucosa; Skull
PubMed: 34117725
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24682 -
Medicine Jan 2023Nasal extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare plasma cell tumor that occurs in the soft tissue of the nasal cavity, and its imaging characteristics are still...
Nasal extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare plasma cell tumor that occurs in the soft tissue of the nasal cavity, and its imaging characteristics are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features, imaging findings, treatment, survival analysis, and prognosis of nasal EMP, and to provide a systematic review of the patients we treated and the published literature. A 45-year-old female patient who presented with epistaxis with nasal obstruction was recommended for magnetic resonance imaging to assess the nature of the lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging, abnormal signal shadow can be seen in the right nasal cavity. Diffusion weighted imaging showed signal of the lesion was significantly limited, presenting high signal, with a low apparent dispersion coefficient, and the lesion was significantly enhanced on contrast-enhanced scan. Combined with the clinical manifestations of the patient, who was initially considered to have a hemangioma. She underwent endoscopic nasal surgery under general anesthesia to remove the mass, and the final pathology confirmed it was EMP. However, the final pathology confirmed EMP. Five months later, the patient came to our hospital for follow-up and underwent fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan, which showed no recurrence of the lesion and no transformation of multiple myeloma. The nasal EMP imaging findings were mostly soft tissue masses with uniform density or signal, which were significantly enhanced by enhancement scan, high signal on diffusion weighted imaging and low signal on apparent dispersion coefficient. Immunohistochemical staining for CD38, CD138, and CD79a was positive in most of the cases evaluated, while CD20 and CD10 were negative. The absence of dilated features, infiltrative features and the presence of significant contrast enhancement may be relatively specific imaging findings of nasal EMP. The prognosis of nasal EMP is good, and recurrence, metastasis, and transformation into multiple myeloma are rare. Because the lesions are sensitive to radiotherapy, surgical resection combined with radiotherapy is a more effective treatment.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Plasmacytoma; Multiple Myeloma; Nasal Cavity; Prognosis; Epistaxis
PubMed: 36637932
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032647 -
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Mar 2022This study identifies anatomical and airflow-induced relationships based on nasal morphological variations due to inter- and intra-racial differences and gender....
This study identifies anatomical and airflow-induced relationships based on nasal morphological variations due to inter- and intra-racial differences and gender. Subject-specific nasal airway reconstruction was created from computed tomography images in 16 subjects: 4 subjects from each ethnic group (Black, East Asian, Caucasian, and Latino) comprising of 2 males and 2 females. Volume, surface area and nasal index were calculated, as well as airflow rate and nasal resistance after computational fluid dynamics simulations in the nasal airway. Results showed that nasal airspace surface area (p = 0.0499) and volume (p = 0.0281) were significantly greater in males than in females. Nasal volume was greatest in East Asians (Median = 20.38cm, Interquartile Range [IQR] = 4.58 cm), Latinos had the greatest surface area (Median = 219.70cm, IQR = 29.56cm). On average, East Asian and Black females had larger nasal index than their male counterparts. Caucasians had the highest median nasal resistance (0.050 Pa.s/mL, IQR = 0.025 Pa.s/mL). Results indicate that there exist anatomical variabilities based on race and gender. However, these variabilities may not significantly influence nasal function.
Topics: Black or African American; Asian People; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Nasal Cavity; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Sex Characteristics; United States; White People
PubMed: 34883314
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103823 -
Journal of the Indian Society of... 2022Mouth breathing is one of the most deleterious oral habits with a prevalence of 4%-6% among children. Due to the wide range of comorbidities associated with mouth...
INTRODUCTION
Mouth breathing is one of the most deleterious oral habits with a prevalence of 4%-6% among children. Due to the wide range of comorbidities associated with mouth breathing, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is indispensable. At present, there are very few objective methods available for the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The present study was planned to evaluate a possible correlation between nasal index (NI) and nasal cavity volume (NCV) among nasal and mouth breathers (MB). In addition, the average NCV of nasal and MB was also computed. The foresight of this research was to establish the significance of NI as an objective diagnostic tool for mouth breathing.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 8-11-year-old children. The NI was determined using a digital Vernier caliper and NCV was calculated using dolphin imaging.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in NCV and nasal width (NW) in both groups, but no difference was seen in nasal height and NI. There was no statistically significant correlation between NCV and other parameters in both groups.
CONCLUSION
The present study was a baseline analysis in this line. Even though this study did not reveal any significant correlation between both parameters, future studies are recommended to explore a plausible correlation.
Topics: Child; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Cavity
PubMed: 35439883
DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_372_21