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The British Journal of Radiology Oct 2019The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by an unbalanced distribution: the disease is particularly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. In this... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by an unbalanced distribution: the disease is particularly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. In this article, we review the evolution of the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. With the increasing using of newer imaging methods, more advanced radiotherapy techniques and systemic chemotherapy, we also discuss newer clinical features that might affect staging. Finally, we propose the future direction of staging and potential prognostic factors that have a major influence on the treatment outcomes of this disease.
Topics: Cervical Vertebrae; Forecasting; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Parotid Neoplasms; Spinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 31298937
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190244 -
Nature Communications Feb 2023Although radiotherapy can promote antitumour immunity, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the E3...
Although radiotherapy can promote antitumour immunity, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, tumour cell-intrinsic tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21) in tumours, is inversely associated with the response to radiation and CD8 T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Knockout of TRIM21 modulates the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, potentiates the antigen-presenting capacity of NPC cells, and activates cytotoxic T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in response to radiation. Mechanistically, TRIM21 promotes the degradation of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) via K48-linked ubiquitination, which inhibits pore formation by VDAC2 oligomers for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, thereby inhibiting type-I interferon responses following radiation exposure. In patients with NPC, high TRIM21 expression was associated with poor prognosis and early tumour relapse after radiotherapy. Our findings reveal a critical role of TRIM21 in radiation-induced antitumour immunity, providing potential targets for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with NPC.
Topics: Humans; DNA, Mitochondrial; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Ubiquitination
PubMed: 36797289
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36523-y -
Current Treatment Options in Oncology Sep 2023Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is distinct in its anatomic location and biology from other epithelial head and neck cancer (HNC). There are 3 WHO subtypes, which... (Review)
Review
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is distinct in its anatomic location and biology from other epithelial head and neck cancer (HNC). There are 3 WHO subtypes, which considers the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and other histopathology features. Despite the survival benefit obtained from modern treatment modalities and techniques specifically in the local and locally advanced setting, a number of patients with this disease will recur and subsequently die of distant metastasis, locoregional relapse, or both. In the recurrent setting, the ideal therapy approach continues to be a topic of discussion and current recommendations are platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Phase III clinical trials which led to the approval of pembrolizumab or nivolumab for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) specifically excluded NPC. No immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, to date, has been approved by the FDA to treat NPC although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommendations do include use of these agents. Hence, this remains the major challenge for treatment options. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is challenging as it is really 3 different diseases, and much research is required to determine best options and sequencing of those options. This article is going to address the data to date and discuss ongoing research in EBV + and EBV - inoperable recurrent/metastatic NPC patients.
Topics: Humans; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37318724
DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01101-3 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Apr 2021
Topics: Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Medical Oncology; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 33358989
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.12.007 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Oct 2010With the improvement in local control achieved by more precise imaging and radiotherapy, the predominant mode of failure for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is distant... (Review)
Review
With the improvement in local control achieved by more precise imaging and radiotherapy, the predominant mode of failure for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is distant metastases. Concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment approach for stages IIB and above disease. The addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been most promising, and phase III trial results are awaited. Quantitative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA can be applied clinically for disease monitoring and follow-up, and may in future be used for risk stratification strategies. Targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis have demonstrated activity, and immunotherapeutic approaches are being investigated.
Topics: Carcinoma; Combined Modality Therapy; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Recurrence
PubMed: 20943634
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq277 -
The Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryAccording to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, the preferred treatment for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is radiotherapy, however, the... (Review)
Review
According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, the preferred treatment for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is radiotherapy, however, the toxic effects associated with radiotherapy have been a nuisance for patients. Minimally invasive surgery for recurrent NPC has been widely recognized as an effective way to completely remove the tumor and free the patient from or mitigate the toxicity of radiotherapy. Therefore, some researchers hope that minimally invasive surgery can be used to treat early-stage NPC. It is a bold and controversial attempt, and the researchers' efforts have achieved initial results. This article reviews the preliminary results of minimally invasive surgery for NPC, especially the feasibility and challenges of minimally invasive surgery for early-stage NPC.
Topics: Humans; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 35882244
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008765 -
Cancer Communications (London, England) May 2021
Topics: Humans; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Retreatment
PubMed: 33955719
DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12159 -
Chinese Clinical Oncology Apr 2016
Topics: Carcinoma; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Immunotherapy; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 27121874
DOI: 10.21037/cco.2016.04.03 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Jun 2015Staging of tumors is very important in treatment and surgical decision making, as well as in predicting disease recurrence and prognosis. This review focuses on the... (Review)
Review
Staging of tumors is very important in treatment and surgical decision making, as well as in predicting disease recurrence and prognosis. This review focuses on the different available classifications of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) and their impact on the evaluation, management, and prognosis of JNA. The literature was reviewed, and publications on JNA staging were examined. Our MEDLINE search of the entire English-language literature found no review article on the current available staging systems for JNA. In this article, we review the common JNA classification systems that have been published, and we discuss some of their advantages and disadvantages. The most commonly used staging systems for JNA are the Radkowski and the Andrews-Fisch staging systems. However, some newer staging systems that are based on advances in technology and surgical approaches-the Onerci, INCan, and UPMC systems-have shown promising utility, and they will probably gain popularity in the future.
Topics: Angiofibroma; Child; Humans; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging
PubMed: 26053985
DOI: 10.1177/014556131509400615 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Jun 2006Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor arising from the epithelial cells that cover the surface and line the nasopharynx. The annual incidence of NPC in the UK is 0.3... (Review)
Review
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor arising from the epithelial cells that cover the surface and line the nasopharynx. The annual incidence of NPC in the UK is 0.3 per million at age 0-14 years, and 1 to 2 per million at age 15-19 years. Incidence is higher in the Chinese and Tunisian populations. Although rare, NPC accounts for about one third of childhood nasopharyngeal neoplasms. Three subtypes of NPC are recognized in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification: 1) squamous cell carcinoma, typically found in the older adult population; 2) non-keratinizing carcinoma; 3) undifferentiated carcinoma. The tumor can extend within or out of the nasopharynx to the other lateral wall and/or posterosuperiorly to the base of the skull or the palate, nasal cavity or oropharynx. It then typically metastases to cervical lymph nodes. Cervical lymphadenopathy is the initial presentation in many patients, and the diagnosis of NPC is often made by lymph node biopsy. Symptoms related to the primary tumor include trismus, pain, otitis media, nasal regurgitation due to paresis of the soft palate, hearing loss and cranial nerve palsies. Larger growths may produce nasal obstruction or bleeding and a "nasal twang". Etiological factors include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), genetic susceptibility and consumption of food with possible carcinogens--volatile nitrosamines. The recommended treatment schedule consists of three courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, irradiation, and adjuvant interferon (IFN)-beta therapy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Child; Child, Preschool; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Radiotherapy; Young Adult
PubMed: 16800883
DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-1-23