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Psychological Bulletin Nov 2005Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Affect; Friends; Happiness; Health; Humans; Income; Job Satisfaction; Marriage; Models, Psychological; Negativism; Personal Satisfaction; Time Factors
PubMed: 16351326
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 -
BMJ Case Reports Sep 2011A 55-year-old female was found unconscious in a ventilated room. She recovered consciousness on the way to the emergency room. Her vital signs were stable. She presented...
A 55-year-old female was found unconscious in a ventilated room. She recovered consciousness on the way to the emergency room. Her vital signs were stable. She presented with negativism and poor communication. Physical examination, routine tests, brain CT and electroencephalogram were normal. Urine toxicology was positive for benzodiazepines. Twelve days after, she presented with catatonia and immobility. Additional examinations, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing and brain CT, were again normal. Risperidone was administered, and psychotherapy intensified. In the third week, the condition worsened, with intense pyramidal signs and decerebration that led to a vegetative state. Brain MRI revealed diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Extensive metabolic and CSF studies were persistently negative. Brain biopsy was compatible with chronic cerebral hypoxia/anoxia. A diagnosis of delayed hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy was made. Supportive measures were intensified. She was discharged from the hospital after 4 months in a minimally conscious state and was capable of elementary communication and recognising faces.
Topics: Biopsy; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Hypoxia, Brain; Leukoencephalopathies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 22679254
DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2011.4344 -
Revista de Neurologia Mar 2018Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present stereotypic behaviours. Comorbidity associated to conduct... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present stereotypic behaviours. Comorbidity associated to conduct disorders is frequent, starts in infancy and, in general, continues into adulthood. It is sometimes associated with aggressiveness, negativism, self-harm and breaking social norms. It causes a high degree of dysfunctionality in persons with ASD, their family, professionals and those around them, and is the main cause of pharmacological treatment, hospitalisation and special education. Factors related to the symptoms of ASD, comorbidity and social factors are associated with an increased risk of conduct disorders. In many cases it would be necessary to perform a detailed examination that includes a functional analysis and a combination of psychoeducational, social and pharmacological interventions.
AIM
To review the precipitating factors, causes, evaluation and treatment of the conduct disorders associated with ASD.
DEVELOPMENT
The study outlines what is understood by conduct disorders in ASD, the different clinical and cognitive mechanisms associated with it, and the most effective strategies for intervention.
CONCLUSIONS
Comorbid ASD with conduct disorders is frequent, begins in early infancy and continues throughout life. A detailed evaluation that includes a functional analysis of the behaviour to be eliminated and treatment with different psychological, social educational and pharmacological strategies are essential.
Topics: Affective Symptoms; Anxiety; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Communication Disorders; Comorbidity; Conduct Disorder; Executive Function; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Language Disorders; Prevalence; Psychotropic Drugs; Sensation Disorders; Social Behavior; Theory of Mind; Tics
PubMed: 29516450
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022Catatonia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by catalepsy, negativism, mutism, muscular rigidity, and mannerism, often...
BACKGROUND
Catatonia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by catalepsy, negativism, mutism, muscular rigidity, and mannerism, often accompanied by autonomic instability and fever. Although there is growing interest in studying cognitive impairments before and after catatonia, little is known about the cognitive features of the syndrome.
METHODS
This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022299091). Using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, we searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and PsycArticles using a combination of the terms "Catatonia" and "Cognitive impairment" and "Executive function" and "Frontal lobe" and "Parietal lobe." Studies included original research articles enrolling patients with catatonic syndrome according to specified criteria. Fourteen studies were deemed relevant for inclusion. The abstraction form included age, assessment during acute episode, associated diagnosis, assessment procedure, and cognitive domains. Outcome measures were extracted.
RESULTS
Executive functions and visuospatial abilities proved to be the most investigated domains. A great heterogeneity has been observed in the assessment tools used among the 14 evaluated studies. Findings showed that catatonic patients had worse performance than healthy and non-catatonic psychiatric patients in frontal and parietal cortical functions.
CONCLUSION
Because of the small number of studies in such heterogeneous areas and significant methodological limitations, the results should be regarded with caution. Future research assessing cognitive impairments on catatonic patients is needed.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=299091], identifier [CRD42022299091].
PubMed: 35845445
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.877566 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2013Fibromyalgia (FM) is a clinically well-defined chronic condition of unknown aetiology characterized by chronic widespread pain that often co-exists with sleep... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a clinically well-defined chronic condition of unknown aetiology characterized by chronic widespread pain that often co-exists with sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Patients often report high disability levels and negative mood. Psychotherapies focus on reducing key symptoms, improving daily functioning, mood and sense of personal control over pain.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the benefits and harms of cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) for treating FM at end of treatment and at long-term (at least six months) follow-up.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 8), MEDLINE (1966 to 28 August 2013), PsycINFO (1966 to 28 August 2013) and SCOPUS (1980 to 28 August 2013). We searched http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (web site of the US National Institutes of Health) and the World Health Organization Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/) for ongoing trials (last search 28 August,2013), and the reference lists of reviewed articles.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected randomised controlled trials of CBTs with children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with FM.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The data of all included studies were extracted and the risks of bias of the studies were assessed independently by two review authors. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion.
MAIN RESULTS
Twenty-three studies with 24 study arms with CBTs were included. A total of 2031 patients were included; 1073 patients in CBT groups and 958 patients in control groups. Only two studies were without any risk of bias. The GRADE quality of evidence of the studies was low. CBTs were superior to controls in reducing pain at end of treatment by 0.5 points on a scale of 0 to 10 (standardised mean difference (SMD) - 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.49 to -0.17) and by 0.6 points at long-term follow-up (median 6 months) (SMD -0.40; 95% CI -0.62 to -0.17); in reducing negative mood at end of treatment by 0.7 points on a scale of 0 to 10 (SMD - 0.33; 95% CI -0.49 to -0.17) and by 1.3 points at long-term follow-up (median 6 months) (SMD -0.43; 95% CI -0.75 to -0.11); and in reducing disability at end of treatment by 0.7 points on a scale of 0 to 10 (SMD - 0.30; 95% CI -0.51 to -0.08) and at long-term follow-up (median 6 months) by 1.2 points (SMD -0.52; 95% CI -0.86 to -0.18). There was no statistically significant difference in dropout rates for any reasons between CBTs and controls (risk ratio (RR) 0.94; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.35).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
CBTs provided a small incremental benefit over control interventions in reducing pain, negative mood and disability at the end of treatment and at long-term follow-up. The dropout rates due to any reason did not differ between CBTs and controls.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Negativism; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 24018611
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009796.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2015Yoga is an ancient spiritual practice that originated in India and is currently accepted in the Western world as a form of relaxation and exercise. It has been of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Yoga is an ancient spiritual practice that originated in India and is currently accepted in the Western world as a form of relaxation and exercise. It has been of interest for people with schizophrenia to determine its efficacy as an adjunct to standard-care treatment.
OBJECTIVES
To examine the effects of yoga versus standard care for people with schizophrenia.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2012 and January 29, 2015), which is based on regular searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials. We searched the references of all included studies. There were no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records in the register.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including people with schizophrenia comparing yoga to standard-care control.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The review team independently selected studies, quality rated these, and extracted data. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed mixed-effect and fixed-effect models for analyses. We examined data for heterogeneity (I(2) technique), assessed risk of bias for included studies, and created 'Summary of findings' tables using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).
MAIN RESULTS
We included eight studies in the review. All outcomes were short term (less than six months). There were clear differences in a number of outcomes in favour of the yoga group, although these were based on one study each, with the exception of leaving the study early. These included mental state (improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, 1 RCT, n = 83, RR 0.70 CI 0.55 to 0.88, medium-quality evidence), social functioning (improvement in Social Occupational Functioning Scale, 1 RCT, n = 83, RR 0.88 CI 0.77 to 1, medium-quality evidence), quality of life (average change 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) quality-of-life subscale, 1 RCT, n = 60, MD 15.50, 95% CI 4.27 to 26.73, low-quality evidence), and leaving the study early (8 RCTs, n = 457, RR 0.91 CI 0.6 to 1.37, medium-quality evidence). For the outcome of physical health, there was not a clear difference between groups (average change SF-36 physical-health subscale, 1 RCT, n = 60, MD 6.60, 95% CI -2.44 to 15.64, low-quality evidence). Only one study reported adverse effects, finding no incidence of adverse events in either treatment group. This review was subject to a considerable number of missing outcomes, which included global state, change in cognition, costs of care, effect on standard care, service intervention, disability, and activities of daily living.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Even though we found some positive evidence in favour of yoga over standard-care control, this should be interpreted cautiously in view of outcomes largely based each on one study with limited sample sizes and short-term follow-up. Overall, many outcomes were not reported and evidence presented in this review is of low to moderate quality - -too weak to indicate that yoga is superior to standard-care control for the management of schizophrenia.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Exercise; Health Status; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Negativism; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Yoga
PubMed: 26488850
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010554.pub2 -
World Journal of Psychiatry Sep 2017Kahlbaum was the first to propose catatonia as a separate disease following the example of general paresis of the insane, which served as a model for establishing a... (Review)
Review
Kahlbaum was the first to propose catatonia as a separate disease following the example of general paresis of the insane, which served as a model for establishing a nosological entity. However, Kahlbaum was uncertain about the nosological position of catatonia and considered it a syndrome, or "a temporary stage or a part of a complex picture of various disease forms". Until recently, the issue of catatonia as a separate diagnostic category was not entertained, mainly due to a misinterpretation of Kraepelin's influential views on catatonia as a subtype of schizophrenia. Kraepelin concluded that patients presenting with persistent catatonic symptoms, which he called "genuine catatonic morbid symptoms", particularly including negativism, bizarre mannerisms, and stereotypes, had a poor prognosis similar to those of paranoid and hebephrenic presentations. Accordingly, catatonia was classified as a subtype of dementia praecox/schizophrenia. Despite Kraepelin's influence on psychiatric nosology throughout the 20 century, there have only been isolated attempts to describe and classify catatonia outside of the Kraepelinian system. For example, the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school attempted to comprehensively elucidate the complexities of psychomotor disturbances associated with major psychoses. However, the Leonhardian categories have never been subjected to the scrutiny of modern investigations. The first three editions of the DSM included the narrow and simplified version of Kraepelin's catatonia concept. Recent developments in catatonia research are reflected in DSM-5, which includes three diagnostic categories: Catatonic Disorder due to Another Medical Condition, Catatonia Associated with another Mental Disorder (Catatonia Specifier), and Unspecified Catatonia. Additionally, the traditional category of catatonic schizophrenia has been deleted. The Unspecified Catatonia category could encourage research exploring catatonia as an independent diagnostic entity.
PubMed: 29043155
DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i3.177 -
Personality and Individual Differences Jun 2021This study used reversal theory to examine motivational predictors of well-being and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. 149 UK based respondents completed an...
This study used reversal theory to examine motivational predictors of well-being and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. 149 UK based respondents completed an online survey including measures of demographics, well-being, coping, motivational style, and dominance. Well-being was predicted by optimism (positively), autic and mastery (negatively) dominances, by alloic sympathy, optimism and paratelic motivation styles (positively), and, negatively by arousal seeking, arousability and pessimism. Coping was positively predicted by optimism and negativism dominances and by negativist, paratelic and telic motivations, and, negatively by arousability and pessimism. Using motivational dominances, indirect support was identified for the link between psychodiversity and well-being, but not coping. Findings suggest that well-being and, to a lesser degree, coping could be enhanced by encouraging individuals to experience a range of motivations, possibly focusing on those identified here as significant predictors. Future research needs to determine the context specificity of these findings and explore psychodiversity, well-being and coping using both metamotivational states and composite profiles incorporating the full range of motivational constructs.
PubMed: 33531726
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110703 -
AACE Clinical Case Reports 2021To familiarize the medical community with the less common adverse effects of lithium on parathyroid function, we present a case of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism...
OBJECTIVE
To familiarize the medical community with the less common adverse effects of lithium on parathyroid function, we present a case of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism followed by the development of new-onset catatonia in a patient with schizoaffective disorder.
METHODS
To allow for the safe resumption of lithium, the patient received laboratory screening of serum lithium, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, calcium, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The hypercalcemia was evaluated by measuring parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels.
RESULTS
A 58-year-old man with longstanding schizoaffective disorder was admitted for worsening psychotic symptoms following noncompliance with his risperidone and lithium regimen. Exploratory laboratory tests (hospital day 5) showed an elevated PTH level of 72 (reference, 15-65) pg/mL, ionized calcium level of 1.4 (reference, 1.03-1.23) mmol/mL, and a serum calcium level of 11.3 (reference, 8.4-10.5) mg/dL. After the discontinuation of lithium (day 6), anergia (day 7), mutism, and posturing (day 10) developed. Worsening catatonic symptoms of negativism and poor oral intake necessitated dehydration management with intravenous isotonic saline (day 24). The hypercalcemia persisted for 6 weeks. Treatment with cinacalcet (day 43) rapidly normalized the serum calcium levels (day 44). The catatonia, depression, and psychosis began resolving when clozapine (day 50) and electroconvulsive therapy (day 59) were initiated. PTH levels did not normalize until day 82.
CONCLUSION
This report describes a case of prolonged hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia following treatment with lithium. Catatonia is unusual in patients with lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism but this report suggests that in settings yet to be determined, it is related to hypercalcemia of this syndrome.
PubMed: 34095485
DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2020.12.010