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European Journal of Pharmacology Jan 2014Clinical research shows that postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is caused primarily by the use of inhalational anesthesia and opioid analgesics. PONV is also... (Review)
Review
Clinical research shows that postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is caused primarily by the use of inhalational anesthesia and opioid analgesics. PONV is also increased by several risk predictors, including a young age, female sex, lack of smoking, and a history of motion sickness. Genetic studies are beginning to shed light on the variability in patient experiences of PONV by assessing polymorphisms of gene targets known to play roles in emesis (serotonin type 3, 5-HT3; opioid; muscarinic; and dopamine type 2, D2, receptors) and the metabolism of antiemetic drugs (e.g., ondansetron). Significant numbers of clinical trials have produced valuable information on pharmacological targets important for controlling PONV (e.g., 5-HT3 and D2), leading to the current multi-modal approach to inhibit multiple sites in this complex neural system. Despite these significant advances, there is still a lack of fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms that drive the hindbrain central pattern generator (emesis) and forebrain pathways (nausea) that produce PONV, particularly the responses to inhalational anesthesia. This gap in knowledge has limited the development of novel effective therapies of PONV. The current review presents the state of knowledge on the biological mechanisms responsible for PONV, summarizing both preclinical and clinical evidence. Finally, potential ways to advance the research of PONV and more recent developments on the study of postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antiemetics; Humans; Nausea; Neurochemistry; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Risk Factors; Vomiting
PubMed: 24495419
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.037 -
Brain Plasticity (Amsterdam,... Mar 2017A significant body of work has investigated the effects of acute exercise, defined as a single bout of physical activity, on mood and cognitive functions in humans.... (Review)
Review
A significant body of work has investigated the effects of acute exercise, defined as a single bout of physical activity, on mood and cognitive functions in humans. Several excellent recent reviews have summarized these findings; however, the neurobiological basis of these results has received less attention. In this review, we will first briefly summarize the cognitive and behavioral changes that occur with acute exercise in humans. We will then review the results from both human and animal model studies documenting the wide range of neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations that occur after a single bout of exercise. Finally, we will discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and missing elements in the current literature, as well as offer an acute exercise standardization protocol and provide possible goals for future research.
PubMed: 29765853
DOI: 10.3233/BPL-160040 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2011The classic fight-or-flight response to perceived threat is a reflexive nervous phenomenon thai has obvious survival advantages in evolutionary terms. However, the... (Review)
Review
The classic fight-or-flight response to perceived threat is a reflexive nervous phenomenon thai has obvious survival advantages in evolutionary terms. However, the systems that organize the constellation of reflexive survival behaviors following exposure to perceived threat can under some circumstances become dysregulated in the process. Chronic dysregulation of these systems can lead to functional impairment in certain individuals who become "psychologically traumatized" and suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), A body of data accumulated over several decades has demonstrated neurobiological abnormalities in PTSD patients. Some of these findings offer insight into the pathophysiology of PTSD as well as the biological vulnerability of certain populations to develop PTSD, Several pathological features found in PTSD patients overlap with features found in patients with traumatic brain injury paralleling the shared signs and symptoms of these clinical syndromes.
Topics: Endocrine System; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Neurobiology; Neurochemistry; Risk Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 22034143
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/jsherin -
Journal of Neurochemistry Jul 2022In this editorial, we are happy to connect with our community to explain the changes introduced to the Journal of Neurochemistry over the last year and provide some...
In this editorial, we are happy to connect with our community to explain the changes introduced to the Journal of Neurochemistry over the last year and provide some insights into new developments and exciting opportunities. We anticipate these developments, which are strongly guided to increase transparency and support early career researchers, will increase the value of the Journal of Neurochemistry for the authors and readers. Ultimately, we hope to improve the author experience with the Journal of Neurochemistry and continue to be the leading venue for fast dissemination of exciting new research focusing on how molecules, cells and circuits regulate the nervous system in health and disease.
Topics: Neurochemistry; Publishing
PubMed: 35524403
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15595 -
Journal of Neurochemistry Jan 2020At the 2017 joint meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and the European Society for Neurochemistry, 150 years of neurochemistry - the 50th... (Review)
Review
At the 2017 joint meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and the European Society for Neurochemistry, 150 years of neurochemistry - the 50th anniversary of ISN, 40 years of European Society for Neurochemistry, and 60 years of the Journal of Neurochemistry (JNC) - was celebrated with a historical symposium that explored the foundations of neurochemical societies, key international figures in the discipline of neurochemistry, and the pre-eminent role of the JNC. The foundations of neurochemistry were laid in Europe, notably France and Germany, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Neurochemists in the United Kingdom made globally relevant contributions before and after the Second World War, and Swedish contributions were especially prominent in the 1950s and 1960s. As neurochemistry is a truly international branch of neuroscience, the important contributions of neurochemists in the Americas and the Asia-Pacific were also recognized, as were the seminal roles of the American, Asia-Pacific, and Japanese Societies of Neurochemistry. Although ISN was only formed in 1967, earlier international meetings in Europe and the Americas reflected the growing recognition of the importance of chemistry and biochemistry for understanding and responding to the pathophysiology of clinical conditions and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. JNC was first published in 1956, but the ISN only assumed complete ownership of the journal under tempestuous circumstances in 1970. The ISN-JNC interface and the sterling work of the JNC Editors has meant that the income generated by the journal has allowed the ISN Council to implement diverse programs for supporting neurochemistry internationally, including sustaining regional neurochemical societies, and supporting neurochemists in the developing world and schools of neurochemistry.
Topics: Americas; Animals; Asia; Europe; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; International Cooperation; Neurochemistry; Neurotransmitter Agents; Societies, Scientific
PubMed: 31357242
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14839 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021Visual attention is the cognitive process that mediates the selection of important information from the environment. This selection is usually controlled by bottom-up... (Review)
Review
Visual attention is the cognitive process that mediates the selection of important information from the environment. This selection is usually controlled by bottom-up and top-down attentional biasing. Since for most humans vision is the dominant sense, visual attention is critically important for higher-order cognitive functions and related deficits are a core symptom of many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we summarize the importance and relative contributions of different neuromodulators and neurotransmitters to the neural mechanisms of top-down and bottom-up attentional control. We will not only review the roles of widely accepted neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline, but also the contributions of other modulatory substances. In doing so, we hope to shed some light on the current understanding of the role of neurochemistry in shaping neuron properties contributing to the allocation of attention in the visual field.
PubMed: 34025339
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643597 -
Journal of Neurochemistry Jul 2022Psychedelics are a relatively recent field of research that had not gained much support half a century ago, yet it developed into a much acknowledged, highly relevant... (Review)
Review
Psychedelics are a relatively recent field of research that had not gained much support half a century ago, yet it developed into a much acknowledged, highly relevant field that extends to many people's lives. Psychedelics have demonstrated profound and durable therapeutic potential for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, among others. In this special issue, basic science of psychedelics is reviewed with respect to fundamental cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms, all the way up to the human systems level with clinical reviews. We hope the articles, authored by leading scientists in their field, will help to understand better the role of the serotonin 5-HT receptor in particular in healthy and diseased brain function.
Topics: Anxiety; Hallucinogens; Humans; Neurochemistry; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35699130
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15651 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2010Brain serotonergic circuitries interact with other neurotransmitter systems on a multitude of different molecular levels. In humans, as in other mammalian species,...
Brain serotonergic circuitries interact with other neurotransmitter systems on a multitude of different molecular levels. In humans, as in other mammalian species, serotonin (5-HT) plays a modulatory role in almost every physiological function. Furthermore, serotonergic dysfunction is thought to be implicated in several psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of brain serotonergic circuitries. The contribution of emergent in vivo imaging methods to the regional localization of binding site receptors and certain aspects of their functional connectivity in correlation to behavior is also discussed. 5-HT cell bodies, mainly localized in the raphe nuclei, send axons to almost every brain region. It is argued that the specificity of the local chemocommunication between 5-HT and other neuronal elements mainly depends on mechanisms regulating the extracellular concentration of 5-HT the diversity of high-affinity membrane receptors, and their specific transduction modalities.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Humans; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Neurochemistry; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonin
PubMed: 21319493
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Neurochemistry May 2022This Editorial highlights the knighthood recognition of Sir John Hardy, Professor and Chair at the University College London, for his exceptional services to human...
This Editorial highlights the knighthood recognition of Sir John Hardy, Professor and Chair at the University College London, for his exceptional services to human health and dementia research. We also celebrate his successful trajectory in neurochemistry and neurogenetics, and acknowledge his long-standing contributions to the Journal of Neurochemistry as an author and editor. John Hardy's research identified key mutations linked to prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in humans and contributed to our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. As John's career has inspired many generations of researchers in neurochemistry, we present a brief Q&A interview with him on the occasion of his most recent recognition.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Humans; Male; Mutation; Neurochemistry; Neurosciences
PubMed: 35243650
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15593 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Apr 2023The human spinal cord can be described using a range of nomenclatures with each providing insight into its structure and function. Here we have comprehensively reviewed... (Review)
Review
The human spinal cord can be described using a range of nomenclatures with each providing insight into its structure and function. Here we have comprehensively reviewed the key literature detailing the general structure, configuration of tracts, the cytoarchitecture of Rexed's laminae, and the neurochemistry at the spinal segmental level. The purpose of this review is to detail current anatomical understanding of how the spinal cord is structured and to aid researchers in identifying gaps in the literature that need to be studied to improve our knowledge of the spinal cord which in turn will improve the potential of therapeutic intervention for disorders of the spinal cord.
Topics: Humans; Neurochemistry; Spinal Cord; Spine; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 36099279
DOI: 10.1002/ar.25079