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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Dec 2016Taurine is an amino acid found abundantly in brain, retina, heart, and reproductive organ cells, as well as in meat and seafood. But it is also a major ingredient in... (Review)
Review
Taurine is an amino acid found abundantly in brain, retina, heart, and reproductive organ cells, as well as in meat and seafood. But it is also a major ingredient in popular "energy drinks," which thus constitute a major source of taurine supplementation. Unfortunately, little is known about taurine's neuroendocrine effects. The authors review the sparse data and provide a basic background on the structure, synthesis, distribution, metabolism, mechanisms, effects, safety, and currently proposed therapeutic targets of taurine.
Topics: Energy Drinks; Humans; Neurosecretory Systems; Taurine; Young Adult
PubMed: 27938518
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.15050 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Mar 2021Chronic stress is well-known to cause physiological distress that leads to body balance perturbations by altering signaling pathways in the neuroendocrine and... (Review)
Review
Chronic stress is well-known to cause physiological distress that leads to body balance perturbations by altering signaling pathways in the neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous systems. This increases allostatic load, which is the cost of physiological fluctuations that are required to cope with psychological challenges as well as changes in the physical environment. Recent studies have enriched our knowledge about the role of chronic stress in disease development, especially carcinogenesis. Stress stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), resulting in an abnormal release of hormones. These activate signaling pathways that elevate expression of downstream oncogenes. This occurs by activation of specific receptors that promote numerous cancer biological processes, including proliferation, genomic instability, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion and metabolic disorders. Moreover, accumulating evidence has revealed that β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) antagonists and downstream target inhibitors exhibit remarkable anti-tumor effects. Psychosomatic behavioral interventions (PBI) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also effectively relieve the impact of stress in cancer patients. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for stress in promoting malignancies. Collectively, these data provide approaches for NextGen pharmacological therapies, PBI and TCM to reduce the burden of tumorigenesis.
Topics: Allostasis; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Neoplasms; Neurosecretory Systems; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Stress, Physiological; Stress, Psychological; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 33160090
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.005 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2015The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue... (Review)
Review
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Neurosecretory Systems
PubMed: 26089604
DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Dec 2014The metabolic response to stress is part of the adaptive response to survive critical illness. Several mechanisms are well preserved during evolution, including the... (Review)
Review
The metabolic response to stress is part of the adaptive response to survive critical illness. Several mechanisms are well preserved during evolution, including the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, the release of pituitary hormones, a peripheral resistance to the effects of these and other anabolic factors, triggered to increase the provision of energy substrates to the vital tissues. The pathways of energy production are altered and alternative substrates are used as a result of the loss of control of energy substrate utilization by their availability. The clinical consequences of the metabolic response to stress include sequential changes in energy expenditure, stress hyperglycaemia, changes in body composition, and psychological and behavioural problems. The loss of muscle proteins and function is a major long-term consequence of stress metabolism. Specific therapeutic interventions, including hormone supplementation, enhanced protein intake, and early mobilization, are investigated. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms, the clinical consequences, and therapeutic implications of the metabolic response to stress.
Topics: Body Composition; Critical Illness; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Neurosecretory Systems; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 24970271
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu187 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jan 2004Advancing age is characterized by impairment in the function of the many regulatory processes that provide functional integration between cells and organs. Therefore,... (Review)
Review
Advancing age is characterized by impairment in the function of the many regulatory processes that provide functional integration between cells and organs. Therefore, there may be a failure to maintain homeostasis under conditions of physiological stress. The reduced homeostatic ability affects different regulatory systems in different subjects, thus explaining at least partly the increased interindividual variability occurring as people get older. Important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes occur with advancing age. Pharmacokinetic changes include a reduction in renal and hepatic clearance and an increase in volume of distribution of lipid soluble drugs (hence prolongation of elimination half-life) whereas pharmacodynamic changes involve altered (usually increased) sensitivity to several classes of drugs such as anticoagulants, cardiovascular and psychotropic drugs. This review focuses on the main age-related physiological changes affecting different organ systems and their implications for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Topics: Aging; Biological Availability; Digestive System; Heart; Humans; Kidney; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Neurosecretory Systems; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Protein Binding
PubMed: 14678335
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02007.x -
Current Topics in Behavioral... 2019Sleep is a phenomenon in animal behavior as enigmatic as it is ubiquitous, and one deeply tied to endocrine function. Though there are still many unanswered questions... (Review)
Review
Sleep is a phenomenon in animal behavior as enigmatic as it is ubiquitous, and one deeply tied to endocrine function. Though there are still many unanswered questions about the neurochemical basis of sleep and its functions, extensive interactions have been identified between sleep and the endocrine system, in both the endocrine system's effect on sleep and sleep's effect on the endocrine system. Unfortunately, until recent years, much research on sleep behavior largely disregarded its connections with the endocrine system. Use of both clinical studies and rodent models to investigate interactions between neuroendocrine function, including biological sex, and sleep therefore presents a promising area of further exploration. Further investigation of the neurobiological and neuroendocrine basis of sleep could have wide impact on a number of clinical and basic science fields. In this review, we summarize the state of basic sleep biology and its connections to the field of neuroendocrine biology, as well as suggest key future directions for the neuroendocrine regulation of sleep that may significantly impact new therapies for sleep disorders in women and men.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Humans; Neurosecretory Systems; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 31396895
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_107 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2006Animals respond to stress by activating a wide array of behavioral and physiological responses that are collectively referred to as the stress response.... (Review)
Review
Animals respond to stress by activating a wide array of behavioral and physiological responses that are collectively referred to as the stress response. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the stress response by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In response to stress, CRF initiates a cascade of events that culminate in the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. As a result of the great number of physiological and behavioral effects exerted by glucocorticoids, several mechanisms have evolved to control HPA axis activation and integrate the stress response. Glucocorticoid feedback inhibition plays a prominent role in regulating the magnitude and duration of glucocorticoid release. In addition to glucocorticoid feedback, the HPA axis is regulated at the level of the hypothalamus by a diverse group of afferent projections from limbic, midbrain, and brain stem nuclei. The stress response is also mediated in part by brain stem noradrenergic neurons, sympathetic andrenomedullary circuits, and parasympathetic systems. In summary, the aim of this review is to discuss the role of the HPA axis in the integration of adaptive responses to stress. We also identify and briefly describe the major neuronal and endocrine systems that contribute to the regulation of the HPA axis and the maintenance of homeostasis in the face of aversive stimuli.
Topics: Animals; Endocrine Glands; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Limbic System; Neurons; Neurosecretory Systems; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Stress, Physiological; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 17290797
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith -
Autoimmunity Reviews Nov 2021• The immune-neuroendocrine system is essential to maintain homeostasis specially during stress situations. COVID-19 infection, produce stress, and activates the... (Review)
Review
• The immune-neuroendocrine system is essential to maintain homeostasis specially during stress situations. COVID-19 infection, produce stress, and activates the immune–neuroendocrine system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple studies indicate that the most vulnerable populations are older adults and patients with comorbidities including autoimmune rheumatic diseases. These patients suffer from extremely important situation that favors the inflammatory hyper response due to an inadequate reaction of the immune-neuroendocrine system. This review aims to analyze the findings of the effect of COVID-19 on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid, hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axes, and central nervous system, as well as the response to this viral infection in older adults and patients with rheumatic diseases and perspectives about this subject.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; COVID-19; Humans; Immune System; Neurosecretory Systems; Rheumatic Diseases; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34509651
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102946 -
Journal of Neuroendocrinology May 2022This review summarizes the current understanding of the development of the neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system, including discussion on open... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the current understanding of the development of the neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system, including discussion on open questions regarding (1) transcriptional regulation of the Gnrh1 gene; (2) prenatal development of the GnRH1 system in rodents and humans; and (3) paracrine and synaptic communication during migration of the GnRH cells.
Topics: Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Neurons; Neurosecretory Systems; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35067985
DOI: 10.1111/jne.13087 -
Neuroendocrinology 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that contain various biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, and are manufactured... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that contain various biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, and are manufactured and released by virtually all cell types. There is evidence that EVs are involved in intercellular communication, acting in an autocrine, paracrine or/and endocrine manner. EVs are released by the cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, and have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the systemic circulation. Neuroendocrine cells are specialized neurons that secrete hormones directly into blood vessels, such as the hypophyseal portal system or the systemic circulation, a process that allows neuroendocrine integration to take place. In mammals, neuroendocrine cells are widely distributed throughout various anatomic compartments, with the hypothalamus being a central neuroendocrine integrator. The hypothalamus is a key part of the stress system (SS), a highly conserved neuronal/neuroendocrine system aiming at maintaining systemic homeostasis when the latter is threatened by various stressors. The central parts of the SS are the interconnected hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the brainstem locus caeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) systems, while their peripheral parts are, respectively, the pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous/sympatho-adrenomedullary systems (SNS-SAM) as well as components of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). During stress, multiple CNS loci show plasticity and undergo remodeling, partly mediated by increased glutamatergic and noradrenergic activity, and the actions of cytokines and glucocorticoids, all regulated by the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the LC-NE/SNS-SAM systems. In addition, there are peripheral changes due to the increased secretion of stress hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the context of stress-related systemic (para)inflammation. We speculate that during stress, central and peripheral, cellular and molecular alterations take place, with some of them generated, communicated, and spread via the release of stress-induced neural/neuroendocrine cell-derived EVs.
Topics: Animals; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Neurosecretory Systems; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Norepinephrine; Extracellular Vesicles; Cytokines; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Stress, Physiological; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Mammals
PubMed: 36137504
DOI: 10.1159/000527182