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Current Biology : CB Mar 2005
Review
Topics: Brain; Humans; Models, Neurological; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Signal Transduction; Synapses
PubMed: 15753022
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.037 -
Neuropsychopharmacology : Official... Jan 2022During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is... (Review)
Review
During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions. Although neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life. During this period, synapses as well as neurotransmitter systems including their receptors and transporters, are initially overproduced followed by selective elimination. Advanced methods applied to human and animal models, enable investigation of the cellular mechanisms and role of specific genes, non-coding regulatory elements and signaling molecules in control of prefrontal neuronal production and phenotypic fate, as well as neuronal migration to establish layering of the PFC. Likewise, various genetic approaches in combination with functional assays and immunohistochemical and imaging methods reveal roles of neurotransmitter systems during maturation of the PFC. Disruption, or even a slight slowing of the rate of neuronal production, migration and synaptogenesis by genetic or environmental factors, can induce gross as well as subtle changes that eventually can lead to cognitive impairment. An understanding of the development and evolution of the PFC provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital neuropsychiatric diseases as well as idiopathic developmental disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Prefrontal Cortex; Synapses
PubMed: 34645980
DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Progress in neuroimmunology established that the nervous and the immune systems are two functionally related physiological systems. Unique sensory and immune receptors... (Review)
Review
Progress in neuroimmunology established that the nervous and the immune systems are two functionally related physiological systems. Unique sensory and immune receptors enable them to control interactions of the organism with the inner and the outer worlds. Both systems undergo an experience-driven selection process during their ontogeny. They share the same mediators/neurotransmitters and use synapses for intercellular communication. They keep a memory of previous experiences. Immune cells can affect nervous cells, nervous cells can affect immune cells, and they regulate each other. I however argue that the two systems differ by three major points: 1) Unlike the nervous system, the immune system has a loose anatomical structure, in which molecular and cellular events mostly occur at random; 2) The immune system can respond to the whereas the nervous system can respond to ; 3) Responses of the immune system act both on the organism and on the stimulus that triggered the response, whereas responses of the nervous system act on the organism only. The nervous and the immune systems therefore appear as two complementary that closely work together, and whose reactivities are well-suited to deal with physical and biological stimuli, respectively. Its ability both to adapt the organism to the living world and to adapt the living world to the organism endows the immune system with powerful adaptive properties that enable the organism to live in peace with itself and with other living beings, whether pathogens or commensals.
Topics: Cell Communication; Immune System; Nervous System; Neuroimmunomodulation; Neurotransmitter Agents
PubMed: 36177051
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984678 -
Nature Neuroscience Oct 2010Modeling of human neuropsychiatric disorders in animals is extremely challenging given the subjective nature of many symptoms, the lack of biomarkers and objective... (Review)
Review
Modeling of human neuropsychiatric disorders in animals is extremely challenging given the subjective nature of many symptoms, the lack of biomarkers and objective diagnostic tests, and the early state of the relevant neurobiology and genetics. Nonetheless, progress in understanding pathophysiology and in treatment development would benefit greatly from improved animal models. Here we review the current state of animal models of mental illness, with a focus on schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. We argue for areas of focus that might increase the likelihood of creating more useful models, at least for some disorders, and for explicit guidelines when animal models are reported.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurotransmitter Agents; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 20877280
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2647 -
Neuron Mar 2019We define the chemoconnectome (CCT) as the entire set of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and their receptors underlying chemotransmission in an...
We define the chemoconnectome (CCT) as the entire set of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and their receptors underlying chemotransmission in an animal. We have generated knockout lines of Drosophila CCT genes for functional investigations and knockin lines containing Gal4 and other tools for examining gene expression and manipulating neuronal activities, with a versatile platform allowing genetic intersections and logic gates. CCT reveals the coexistence of specific transmitters but mutual exclusion of the major inhibitory and excitatory transmitters in the same neurons. One neuropeptide and five receptors were detected in glia, with octopamine β2 receptor functioning in glia. A pilot screen implicated 41 genes in sleep regulation, with the dopamine receptor Dop2R functioning in neurons expressing the peptides Dilp2 and SIFa. Thus, CCT is a novel concept, chemoconnectomics a new approach, and CCT tool lines a powerful resource for systematic investigations of chemical-transmission-mediated neural signaling circuits underlying behavior and cognition.
Topics: Animals; Connectome; Drosophila melanogaster; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 30799021
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.045 -
Nature Reviews. Cardiology Jan 2017Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) develops when cardiac output falls as a result of cardiac injury. The most well-recognized of the compensatory... (Review)
Review
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) develops when cardiac output falls as a result of cardiac injury. The most well-recognized of the compensatory homeostatic responses to a fall in cardiac output are activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In the short term, these 'neurohormonal' systems induce a number of changes in the heart, kidneys, and vasculature that are designed to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. However, with chronic activation, these responses result in haemodynamic stress and exert deleterious effects on the heart and the circulation. Neurohormonal activation is now known to be one of the most important mechanisms underlying the progression of heart failure, and therapeutic antagonism of neurohormonal systems has become the cornerstone of contemporary pharmacotherapy for heart failure. In this Review, we discuss the effects of neurohormonal activation in HFrEF and highlight the mechanisms by which these systems contribute to disease progression.
Topics: Cardiotonic Agents; Disease Progression; Heart Failure; Humans; Kidney; Myocardium; Neurotransmitter Agents; Renin-Angiotensin System; Stroke Volume; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 27708278
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.163 -
Clinical Neurophysiology : Official... Oct 2007The empirical and theoretical development of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) is reviewed by considering factors that contribute to its amplitude, latency,... (Review)
Review
The empirical and theoretical development of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) is reviewed by considering factors that contribute to its amplitude, latency, and general characteristics. The neuropsychological origins of the P3a and P3b subcomponents are detailed, and how target/standard discrimination difficulty modulates scalp topography is discussed. The neural loci of P3a and P3b generation are outlined, and a cognitive model is proffered: P3a originates from stimulus-driven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing, whereas P3b originates from temporal-parietal activity associated with attention and appears related to subsequent memory processing. Neurotransmitter actions associating P3a to frontal/dopaminergic and P3b to parietal/norepinephrine pathways are highlighted. Neuroinhibition is suggested as an overarching theoretical mechanism for P300, which is elicited when stimulus detection engages memory operations.
Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cortical Synchronization; Electroencephalography; Event-Related Potentials, P300; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents
PubMed: 17573239
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019 -
Kidney International Sep 2012The mechanism of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome has long been a source of controversy. In this review, through the construct of Starling's forces, we examine... (Review)
Review
The mechanism of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome has long been a source of controversy. In this review, through the construct of Starling's forces, we examine the roles of albumin, intravascular volume, and neurohormones on edema formation and highlight the evolving literature on the role of primary sodium absorption in edema formation. We propose that a unifying mechanism of sodium retention is present in the nephrotic syndrome regardless of intravascular volume status and is due to the activation of epithelial sodium channel by serine proteases in the glomerular filtrate of nephrotic patients. Finally, we assert that mechanisms in addition to sodium retention are likely operant in the formation of nephrotic edema.
Topics: Animals; Blood Volume; Capillary Permeability; Edema; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Hypoalbuminemia; Kidney; Models, Biological; Nephrotic Syndrome; Neurotransmitter Agents; Proteinuria; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk Factors; Serum Albumin; Sodium
PubMed: 22718186
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.180 -
Frontiers in Neural Circuits 2019
Topics: Animals; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 30971899
DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00019 -
Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry... Jun 2019Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical... (Review)
Review
Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters and how they started with extrasynaptic measurements but now are pushing toward synaptic measurements. Traditionally, biosensors or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have monitored extrasynaptic levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Amperometry and electrochemical cytometry techniques have revealed mechanisms of exocytosis, suggesting partial release. Advances in nanoelectrodes now allow spatially resolved, electrochemical measurements in a synapse, which is only 20-100 nm wide. Synaptic measurements of dopamine and acetylcholine have been made. In this article, electrochemical measurements are also compared to optical imaging and mass spectrometry measurements, and while these other techniques provide enhanced spatial or chemical information, electrochemistry is best at monitoring real-time neurotransmission. Future challenges include combining electrochemistry with these other techniques in order to facilitate multisite and multianalyte monitoring.
Topics: Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 30707593
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115434