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Studies in Mycology Jul 2022This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the...
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and one genus of oomycetes, . This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names. L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, C. Nakash. & Crous; Qian Chen & L. Cai, L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, J.R. Úrbez-Torres, D.T. O'Gorman & Gramaje, L. Mostert, Havenga, Halleen & Gramaje, H. Suzuki, Marinc. & M.J. Wingf., M. Bakhshi, Zare & Crous, C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Qian Chen & L. Cai, W. Wang. & S.F. Chen, Qian Chen & L. Cai, M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, I. Milenković, T. Májek & T. Jung, T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, C. Nakash., I. Araki, & Ai Ito, Crous & C. Nakash., C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Crous, C. Nakash. & C.Y. Chen, C. Nakash., Y. Hatt, L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Crous & C. Nakash.; (Hyang B. Lee ) L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, (Sawada) C. Nakash. & Motohashi., (K. Ito & Tak. Kobay.) C. Nakash. & Tak. Kobay., (Crous & R.G. Shivas) C. Nakash. & Crous, (Goh & W.H. Hsieh) C. Nakash. & Crous; Mont., Katsuki, Pat. & Trab., Jacz., Sawada, S.H. Sun, W. Yamam., W. Yamam., W. Yamam., Sawada, J.M. Yen & Lim, J.M. Yen, Ellis & Everh., Hori & Nambu, Syd. & P. Syd., Katsuki, Togashi & Katsuki, Syd. & P. Syd., F. Stevens & Solheim, Tak. Matsumoto Wang, Sawada, Goh & W.H. Hsieh, Crous, U. Braun, U. Braun & C.F. Hill, C. Nakash. & U. Braun, U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Boesew., U. Braun, Goh & W.H. Hsieh, U. Braun, C. Nakash. & U. Braun, Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous, Wakef.; I. Miyake; : S.H. Sun, W. Yamam., W. Yamam., Sawada, Syd. & P. Syd., Tak. Matsumoto Sawada, Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous. Chen Q, Bakhshi M, Balci Y, Broders KD, Cheewangkoon R, Chen SF, Fan XL, Gramaje D, Halleen F, Horta Jung M, Jiang N, Jung T, Májek T, Marincowitz S, Milenković T, Mostert L, Nakashima C, Nurul Faziha I, Pan M, Raza M, Scanu B, Spies CFJ, Suhaizan L, Suzuki H, Tian CM, Tomšovský M, Úrbez-Torres JR, Wang W, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Yang Q, Yang X, Zare R, Zhao P, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Crous PW (2022). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. : 417-564. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.06.
PubMed: 36059898
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.06 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022We conducted a survey to assess the occurrence and severity of rice blast and brown spot diseases on popular cultivars grown in the Busia, Kirinyaga, and Kisumu counties...
We conducted a survey to assess the occurrence and severity of rice blast and brown spot diseases on popular cultivars grown in the Busia, Kirinyaga, and Kisumu counties of Kenya in 2019. Working with agricultural extension workers within rice production areas, we interviewed farmers ( = 89) regarding their preferred cultivars and their awareness of blast disease, as this was the major focus of our research. We scored the symptoms of blast and brown spot and assessed the lodging, plant height, and maturity of the crops (days after planting). Furthermore, we collected leaf and neck tissues for the assessment of the prevailing fungal populations. We used specific DNA primers to screen for the prevalence of the causal pathogens of blast, , and brown spot, , on asymptomatic and symptomatic leaf samples. We also conducted fungal isolations and PCR-sequencing to identify the fungal species in these tissues. Busia and Kisumu had a higher diversity of cultivars compared to Kirinyaga. The aromatic Pishori (NIBAM 11) was preferred and widely grown for commercial purposes in Kirinyaga, where 86% of Kenyan rice is produced. NIBAM108 (IR2793-80-1) and BW196 (NIBAM 109) were moderately resistant to blast, while NIBAM110 (ITA310) and Vietnam were susceptible. All the cultivars were susceptible to brown spot except for KEH10005 (Arize Tej Gold), a commercial hybrid cultivar. We also identified diverse pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, with a high incidence of , in the rice fields of Kirinyaga. There was a marginal correlation between disease severity/incidence and the occurrence of causal pathogens. This study provides evidence of the need to strengthen pathogen surveillance through retraining agricultural extension agents and to breed for blast and brown spot resistance in popular rice cultivars in Kenya.
PubMed: 35567265
DOI: 10.3390/plants11091264 -
Persoonia Dec 2022Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , on leaves, stems and fruits of . , on soil, on dying leaf of from...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , on leaves, stems and fruits of . , on soil, on dying leaf of from yellowing leaf tips of on well-rotted wood, from necrotic leaf of , from the body of a dead spider, from leaf spots of from gills of and from leaf spots of . , from air. , from the rhizosphere of subsp. f. . , on soil in mixed forest with and . , on dead culm of unidentified . , from symptomless stem wood of . , on infected fruit of on leaves of , and on basal trunk of . , from kernels. , and on stems of , and on symptomatic leaves of . , on stems of (incl. gen. nov.) and from dead culms of . , on soil in a forest. , from rhizosphere soil of , and on leaf spots of . , on dead wood or bark. , on leaves of and on bark of . , on decaying wood of subsp. , from fluvial sediments, endophytic in roots of , and from calcareus soils. , on stumps and woody debris. , from soil under . , on soil under and on soil under trees. , on dead twigs of . , (incl. gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Tan YP, Bishop-Hurley SL, Shivas RG, et al. 2022. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436-1477. Persoonia 49: 261-350. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.08.
PubMed: 38234383
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.08 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Sep 2023The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the lack of new antimicrobial drugs is a major public health concern that needs urgent and innovative solutions....
Endophytic fungal species Nigrospora oryzae and Alternaria alternata exhibit antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates.
BACKGROUND
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the lack of new antimicrobial drugs is a major public health concern that needs urgent and innovative solutions. Endophytic fungi living in unique niches such as in endosymbiosis with plants are increasingly drawing attention as alternative sources of novel and chemically diverse compounds with unique mechanisms of action.
METHODS
In the present study, ten endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant, Sclerocarya birrea were screened for bioactivity against a panel of indicator bacteria. Three bioactive endophytic fungi (strains P02PL2, P02MS1, and P02MS2A) were selected and identified through ITS-rDNA sequencing. The whole broth extracts of the three selected isolates were further screened against contemporary drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This was followed by partial purification by solid phase extraction and GC-MS analysis of bioactive fractions.
RESULTS
The bioactive endophytic fungi were identified as Alternaria alternata species (strains P02PL2 and P02MS1) and Nigrospora oryzae (strain P02MS2A). The whole broth extracts from N. oryzae P02MS2A exhibited a MIC of one μg/mL and 16 μg/mL against gram-negative, MDR Pseudomonas 5625574 and gram-positive MRSA 25775 clinical isolates, respectively. After partial purification and GC-MS analysis of whole broth extract from A. alternaria PO2MS1, 2-fluorobenzoic acid heptadecyl was putatively identified as the active compound in fraction C of this extract. This compound was also putatively identified in fraction E of A. alternata P02PL2, fraction B of A. alternata P02MS1 and fraction B of N. oryzae P02MS2A, and interestingly, all these fractions retained activity against the two MDR clinical isolates.
CONCLUSION
The putative identification of 2-fluorobenzoic acid heptadecyl compound showing a broad-spectrum of activity, more especially against gram-negative MDR contemporary pathogens is highly encouraging in the initiative at developing novel drugs to combat multi-drug resistance.
Topics: Alternaria; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 37715184
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04157-8 -
Iranian Journal of Environmental Health... 2013In the present investigation the fungi, Aspergillus niger and Nigrospora sp. were employed for decolorization of Synozol red HF-6BN. Decolorization study showed that...
In the present investigation the fungi, Aspergillus niger and Nigrospora sp. were employed for decolorization of Synozol red HF-6BN. Decolorization study showed that Aspergillus niger and Nigrospora sp. were able to decolorize 88% and 96% Synozol red 6BN, respectively, in 24 days. It was also studied that 86% and 90% Synozol red containing of dye effluent was decolorized by Aspergillus niger and Nigrospora sp. after 28 days of incubation at room temperature. A fungal-based protein with relative molecular mass of 70 kDa was partially purified and examined for enzymatic characteristics. The enzyme exhibited highest activity at temperature ranging from 40-50°C and at pH=6.0. The enzyme activity was enhanced in the presence of metal cations. High performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that these fungal strains are capable to degrade Synozol red dye into metabolites. No zones of inhibition on agar plates and growth of Vigna radiata in the presence of dye extracted sample, indicated that the fungal degraded dye metabolites are nontoxic to beneficial micro-flora and plant growth. Aspergillus niger and Nigrospora sp. have promising potential in color removal from textile wastewater-containing azo dyes.
PubMed: 23369298
DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-10-12 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Rice production in the Anhui province is threatened by fungal diseases. We obtained twenty-five fungal isolates from rice and wild rice leaves showing leaf spot disease...
Rice production in the Anhui province is threatened by fungal diseases. We obtained twenty-five fungal isolates from rice and wild rice leaves showing leaf spot disease collected along the Yangtze River. A phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (), and beta tubulin () sequences revealed one isolate (SS-2-JB-1B) grouped with , one (QY) with , twenty-two with , and one isolate (QY-2) grouped in its own clade, which are related to but clearly different from . Nineteen tested isolates, including sixteen strains from the clade and the three isolates of the other three clades, caused disease on detached rice leaves. The three isolates that did not belong to were also able to cause disease in rice seedlings, suggesting that they were rice pathogens. Isolate QY-2 differed from the other isolates in terms of colony morphology, cell size, and susceptibility to fungicides, indicating that this isolate represents a new species that we named . Our analysis showed that , , and the new species, , can cause rice leaf spot disease in the field. This research provides new knowledge for understanding rice leaf spot disease.
PubMed: 38392829
DOI: 10.3390/jof10020156 -
Persoonia Dec 2017Species of commonly occur as plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, and have been shown to be extremely interesting for the discovery of novel metabolites. The...
Species of commonly occur as plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, and have been shown to be extremely interesting for the discovery of novel metabolites. The familial placement, as well as phylogenetic relationships among species remain ambiguous. In this study, (= ) is confirmed as a monophyletic genus belonging to (), based on a phylogeny inferred from LSU sequence data. A multi-locus phylogeny based on ITS, and , in conjunction with morphological characters, host associations, and ecological data was employed for species delimitation in , as well as identification of 165 recently collected isolates from China, and three from Europe. In total 13 novelties are proposed including 12 new species and 1 new combination. Five species are re-described based on an examination of type specimens and/or fresh collections. New species described in this paper include: , , , , , , , , , , and . Furthermore, is transferred to Our results indicate a high level of species diversity within , with a general lack in host specificity. Taxa that cluster basal in have wide host ranges, whereas those that diverged later tend to have narrow host ranges. The currently available data suggest, therefore, that the general evolutionary direction in the genus is from a wide to a narrow host range.
PubMed: 29503473
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.06 -
Plant Disease Dec 2022In June 2021, a previously unreported leaf blight disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was observed on field-grown peanut (Jinhua19) in Laixi city, Shandong province of...
In June 2021, a previously unreported leaf blight disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was observed on field-grown peanut (Jinhua19) in Laixi city, Shandong province of China. Approximately 5% of plants showed disease symptoms in the fields we investigated. The symptoms first appeared as yellow round or irregular spots on leaves, and then the spots became brown. As the disease progressed, spots became larger and even converge, which later produced leaf chlorosis and abscission. Symptomatic leaves were cut into small pieces, surface disinfested with 70% ethanol for 30s, 1% NaClO for 60s, rinsed three times in sterile water, dried on sterile filter papers, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media, and incubated at 25°C in darkness. Fungal cultures were initially white, with red pigment, then turned gray, and eventually turned black, and aerial hyphae were dense. Conidia were spherical or slightly ellipsoidal, black, smooth, and 8.6 to 11.5 × 8.7 to 14.5μm (n=50). Morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of Nigrospora aurantiaca (Wang et al. 2017). Molecular identification was performed by sequencing beta tubulin gene (TUB) with Bt2a/Bt2b and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) with EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Wang et al. 2021) of a representative isolate ZHX11. TUB (OK489789) and TEF (OK489790) of ZHX11 obtained 100% (401/401 nucleotides) and 99.64% (279/279 nucleotides) similar to those of N. aurantiaca (MN329935, MN264010), respectively. Alignment was conducted separately for each gene set using Clustal W algorithm implemented in MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016), and multi-gene (TUB and TEF) phylogenetic analyses using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method showed that the isolate was N. aurantiaca. To complete Koch's postulates, nine 2-week-old peanut (Zhonghua 12) seedlings were sprayed with conidia suspensions (106 conidia mL-1 in 0.05% Tween 20 buffer). The same number of seedlings were only treated with 0.05% Tween buffer as controls. The experiment was repeated three times. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber (30°C in the day and 25°C at night, a 12-h photoperiod and 80% RH). Ten days after inoculation, typical symptoms were observed on inoculated leaves but not on the controls. N. aurantiaca was reisolated from the diseased leaves but not from the controls. N. sphaerica was observed on peanut in China (Liu et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. aurantiaca causing leaf blight on peanut in shandong province, China. These findings will help to develop better preventive measures in accordance with the emergence of the new disease.
PubMed: 36471468
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1134-PDN -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Endophytic fungi are microorganisms with the ability to colonize plants for the entire or at least a significant part of their life cycle asymptomatically, establishing...
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms with the ability to colonize plants for the entire or at least a significant part of their life cycle asymptomatically, establishing a plant-fungus association. They play an important role in balancing ecosystems, as well as benefiting host through increasing plant growth, and protecting the host plants from abiotic and biotic stresses using various strategies. In the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from wild and endemic apple cultivars, followed by characterizing their antifungal effect against . To characterize the endophytic fungi, 417 fungal strains were separated from 210 healthy fruit, leaf, and branch samples collected from the north of Iran. Among the purified fungal isolates, 33 fungal genera were identified based on the morphological characteristics, of which 38 species were detected according to the morphological features and molecular data of ITS, , and genomic regions (related to the genus). The results represented that most of the endophytic fungi belonged to Ascomycota (67.8%), 31.4% of isolates were mycelia sterilia, while the others were Basidiomycota (0.48%) and Mucoromycota (0.24%). Additionally, , , and were determined as the dominant genera. The antifungal properties of the identified isolates were evaluated against to determine the release of media-permeable metabolites, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), chitinase, and cellulase as antifungal mechanisms, as well as producing phosphate solubilisation as growth-promoting effect. Based on the results of metabolite and VOC tests, the six isolates of GO13S1, 55S2, 61S2, 7F2, 2S1 and 3 L2 were selected for greenhouse tests. Further, 55S2 and 61S2 could solubilize inorganic phosphate. All isolates except 3 L2 exhibited cellulase activity, while chitinase activity was observed in 2S1, 3 L2, and 61S2. Finally, 55S2 and 2S1 completely controlled the disease on the apple seedling leaves under greenhouse conditions.
PubMed: 36419433
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024001 -
Mycology 2019A new compound, nigronapthaphenyl, was extracted from the endophytic fungus isolated from a mangrove plant . The structure of the compound was elucidated by analysis of... (Review)
Review
A new compound, nigronapthaphenyl, was extracted from the endophytic fungus isolated from a mangrove plant . The structure of the compound was elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometric data. It was tested for its antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and for its ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Nigronapthaphenyl showed antibacterial activities against TISTR 088 and TISTR 688 with MIC values of 4 and 2 μg/mL respectively. Cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell line HCT 116 was found to be an IC value of 9.62 ± 0.5 μM . This further showed potential anti-inflammatory activity amounting to an IC of 6.2 ± 0.5 μM and also α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC value of 6.9 ± 0.5 μM.
PubMed: 31632831
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2019.1620892