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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2022Histological and morphometrical analysis of the stomach wall was performed during the foetal period divided into three age groups (4th-11th month of gestation). The...
Histological and morphometrical analysis of the stomach wall was performed during the foetal period divided into three age groups (4th-11th month of gestation). The material was taken from non-glandular (the blind ventricular sac) and glandular parts (the plicated edge margin/cardiac part, the body of stomach and the pyloric part) of the stomach. It was preserved and prepared according to the standard protocol. The histological slides were stained (H-E, Masson-Goldner and PAS). The analyses were performed using the light microscope. All measurements were statistically elaborated. The crown-rump length growth rate was estimated as isometric. The blind ventricular sac growth rate was lower than CRL (negative allometric) and the partition of stomach mucosa into non-glandular and glandular part occurred in the 1st age group. The plicated edge margin/cardiac part and the pyloric part shoved similar tendencies. Only the body of stomach demonstrated a higher growth rate than CRL (positive allometric), which can be explained due to the strongest development of fundic glands. Moreover, comparing the adult reference group to the three parts of the foetal period, all metric values were lower than those achieved prenatally. The blind ventricular sac was covered with the multiple plane epithelium. The glandular parts of stomach that formed the superficial concave areas were covered with the simple columnar epithelium in the 1st age group, which developed to the cardiac, fundic, and pyloric glands in the 2rd and 3rd age groups. The was built with the mesenchyme, which differentiated later to the loose connective tissue. The muscular layer of mucosa was not clearly distinguishable in the 1st age group. The muscular layer of the stomach wall was formed with myoblasts in the 1st age group and later in the 2nd and the 3rd age groups built with fusiform myocytes divided into internal and external layers. The non-differentiated cells of glandular epithelium transformed into the parietal and chief cells. The first were visible in the gastric glands of the 2nd age group. Both of them were present in the 3rd age group gastric mucosa. The PAS staining proved a moderate PAS-positive reaction in the 2rd age group, while it was estimated as intense Pas-positive in the gastric glands in the 3rd age group and was comparable to postnatal observation (the adult reference group).
PubMed: 36359171
DOI: 10.3390/ani12213047 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2022Studies of equine stomach prenatal development are very rare, and descriptions usually focus on the processes taking place in the embryonic period. Only general...
Studies of equine stomach prenatal development are very rare, and descriptions usually focus on the processes taking place in the embryonic period. Only general information about gastric organogenesis in the fetal period is available in embryology textbooks on domestic mammals. The material for our study included twenty half-breed horse fetuses divided into three age groups on the basis of known fetal age (verified using the CRL method). Our study consists of the topographical, morphological, and morphometrical description of stomach development between the 4th and 11th months of gestation. Even though the skeletotopy, syntopy, and holotopy of the stomach in the fetal period seems to be relatively unchanged, the organ shape and the proportions between its anatomical parts differed in fetuses from the three age groups. The achieved results were statistically elaborated to estimate the dynamics of the stomach shape. This can be described as changing from medium-wide to wide and from slightly bent to sharply bent. A nonlinear correlation of all metric values with CRL in all age groups was observed. A positive allometric growth rate of different intensity was seen in all metric parameters. All the values increased as the fetal period progressed. Only the parietal surface growth rate gradually changed from strongly positive allometric in the first age group to strongly negative allometric in the third age group. A difference between the non-glandular and glandular mucosa of the stomach was visible in the first group. Development of a well-distinguishable plicated edge margin began in the second age group together with gastric pits and gastric areas. The third age group showed a well-developed gastric groove and angular incisura.
PubMed: 36359095
DOI: 10.3390/ani12212966 -
Veterinary Research Oct 2022Besides Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium that may cause gastric disorders in humans, non-Helicobacter pylori helicobacters (NHPH) may also colonize the...
Besides Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium that may cause gastric disorders in humans, non-Helicobacter pylori helicobacters (NHPH) may also colonize the stomach of humans and animals. In pigs, H. suis can induce gastritis and may play a role in gastric ulcer disease, possibly in association with Fusobacterium gastrosuis. In the present study, gastric samples from 71 slaughtered pigs and 14 hunted free range wild boars were tested for the presence of DNA of F. gastrosuis and gastric Helicobacter species associated with pigs, dogs cats and humans, using species-specific PCR assays, followed by sequencing of the amplicon. These gastric samples were also histopathologically evaluated. Almost all the pigs presented gastritis (95.8%). Helicobacter spp. were detected in 78.9% and F. gastrosuis in 35.2% of the animals. H. suis was the most frequently identified Helicobacter species (57.7% of the animals), followed by a H. pylori-like species (50.7%) and less often H. salomonis and H. felis (each in 2.8% of the animals). H. suis was most often detected in the glandular (distal) part of the stomach (pars oesophagea 9.9%, oxyntic mucosa 35.2%, antral mucosa 40.8%), while the H. pylori-like species was mainly found in the non-glandular (proximal) part of the stomach (pars oesophagea 39.4%, oxyntic mucosa 14.1%, antral mucosa 4.2%). The great majority of wild boars were also affected with gastritis (71.4%) and Helicobacter spp. and F. gastrosuis were detected in 64.3% and 42.9% of the animals, respectively. H. bizzozeronii and H. salomonis were the most frequently detected Helicobacter species, while a H. pylori-like species and H. suis were only occasionally identified. These findings suggest that these microorganisms can colonize the stomach of both porcine species and may be associated with gastric pathology. This should, however, be confirmed through bacterial isolation. This is the first description of the presence of F. gastrosuis DNA in the stomach of wild boars and a H. pylori-like species in the pars oesophagea of the porcine stomach.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fusobacterium; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 36209119
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01101-5 -
Veterinary Research Jun 2022This article focuses on the pathogenic significance of Helicobacter species naturally colonizing the stomach of dogs, cats and pigs. These gastric "non-Helicobacter (H.)... (Review)
Review
This article focuses on the pathogenic significance of Helicobacter species naturally colonizing the stomach of dogs, cats and pigs. These gastric "non-Helicobacter (H.) pylori Helicobacter species" (NHPH) are less well-known than the human adapted H. pylori. Helicobacter suis has been associated with gastritis and decreased daily weight gain in pigs. Several studies also attribute a role to this pathogen in the development of hyperkeratosis and ulceration of the non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium of the pars oesophagea of the porcine stomach. The stomach of dogs and cats can be colonized by several Helicobacter species but their pathogenic significance for these animals is probably low. Helicobacter suis as well as several canine and feline gastric Helicobacter species may also infect humans, resulting in gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. These agents may be transmitted to humans most likely through direct or indirect contact with dogs, cats and pigs. Additional possible transmission routes include consumption of water and, for H. suis, also consumption of contaminated pork. It has been described that standard H. pylori eradication therapy is usually also effective to eradicate the NHPH in human patients, although acquired antimicrobial resistance may occasionally occur and porcine H. suis strains are intrinsically less susceptible to aminopenicillins than non-human primate H. suis strains and other gastric Helicobacter species. Virulence factors of H. suis and the canine and feline gastric Helicobacter species include urease activity, motility, chemotaxis, adhesins and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. These NHPH, however, lack orthologs of cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island and vacuolating cytotoxin A, which are major virulence factors in H. pylori. It can be concluded that besides H. pylori, gastric Helicobacter species associated with dogs, cats and pigs are also clinically relevant in humans. Although recent research has provided better insights regarding pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies, a lot remains to be investigated, including true prevalence rates, exact modes of transmission and molecular pathways underlying disease development and progression.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cytotoxins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter heilmannii; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35692057
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01059-4 -
Journal of Morphology Sep 2022Muroid rodents mostly have a complex stomach: one part is lined with a cornified (nonglandular) epithelium, referred to as a "forestomach", whereas the rest is lined...
Muroid rodents mostly have a complex stomach: one part is lined with a cornified (nonglandular) epithelium, referred to as a "forestomach", whereas the rest is lined with glandular epithelium. Numerous functions for the forestomach have been proposed. We collated a catalog of anatomical depictions of the stomach of 174 muroid species from which the respective nonglandular and glandular areas could be digitally measured, yielding a "stomach ratio" (nonglandular:glandular area) as a scale-independent variable. Stomach ratios ranged from 0.13 to 20.15, and the coefficient of intraspecific variation if more than one picture was available for a species averaged at 29.7% (±21.5). We tested relationships of the ratio with body mass and various anatomical and ecological variables, including diet. There was a consistent phylogenetic signal, suggesting that closely related species share a similar anatomy. Apart from classifying stomachs into hemiglandular and discoglandular, no anatomical or ecological measure showed a consistent relationship to the stomach ratio. In particular, irrespective of statistical method or the source of dietary information, dietary proxies did not significantly correlate with the stomach ratio, except for a trend towards significance for invertivory (insectivory). Yet, even this relationship was not convincing: whereas highly insectivorous species had high but no low stomach ratios, herbivorous species had both low and high stomach ratios. Thus, the statistical effect is not due to a systematic increase in the relative forestomach size with invertivory. The most plausible hypotheses so far associate the muroid forestomach and its microbiome with a generic protective role against microbial or fungal toxins and diseases, without evident correlates of a peculiar need for this function under specific ecological conditions. Yet, this function remains to be confirmed. While providing a catalog of published depictions and hypotheses, this study highlights that the function of the muroid rodent forestomach remains enigmatic to date.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Epithelium; Phylogeny; Rodentia; Stomach
PubMed: 35830587
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21496 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Apr 2003To identify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers by comparing injury to the nonglandular gastric mucosa of horses caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or volatile fatty acids...
OBJECTIVE
To identify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers by comparing injury to the nonglandular gastric mucosa of horses caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
SAMPLE POPULATION
Gastric tissues from 30 horses.
PROCEDURE
Nonglandular gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference were measured and electrical resistance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs to normal Ringer's solution (NRS). Tissues were examined histologically.
RESULTS
Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH, 1.5) had a significant decrease in Isc, compared with Isc for mucosa exposed to NRS at pH 4.0 or 7.0. Also, exposure to 60mM acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (pH, 4.0 or 1.5) caused an immediate significant decrease in Isc. Recovery of sodium transport was detected only in samples exposed to acetic acid at pH 4.0. Recovery of sodium transport was not seen in other mucosal samples exposed to VFAs at pH < or = 4.0.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Acetic, butyric, and propionic acids and, to a lesser extent, HCl caused decreases in mucosal barrier function of the nonglandular portion of the equine stomach. Because of their lipid solubility at pH < or = 4.0, undissociated VFAs penetrate cells in the nonglandular gastric mucosa, which causes acidification of cellular contents, inhibition of sodium transport, and cellular swelling. Results indicate that HCl alone or in combination with VFAs at gastric pH < or = 4.0 may be important in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Butyric Acid; Culture Techniques; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Membrane Potentials; Propionates; Stomach; Stomach Ulcer; Time Factors
PubMed: 12693528
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.404 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Apr 2003To identify in vitro effects of hydrochloric acid, valeric acid, and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on the pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the...
OBJECTIVE
To identify in vitro effects of hydrochloric acid, valeric acid, and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on the pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the equine stomach.
SAMPLE POPULATION
Gastric tissues from 13 adult horses.
PROCEDURE
Nonglandular gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference were measured and electrical resistance and conductance calculated after tissues were bathed in normal Ringer's solution (NRS) or NRS and hydrochloric, valeric, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Treated tissues were examined histologically.
RESULTS
Incubation in 60mM valeric acid at pH < or = 7.0 abruptly and irreversibly abolished Isc, which was followed by a slower decrease in resistance and an increase in conductance. Incubation in 60mM acetic, propionic, and butyric acids and, to a lesser extent, hydrochloric acid at pH < or = 7.0 significantly decreased Isc, which was followed by an increase in resistance and a decrease in conductance.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Incubation in valeric acid at pH < or = 7.0 caused a dramatic decrease in mucosal barrier function in the nonglandular portion of the stomach. Changes in barrier function attributable to exposure to valeric acid were associated with histopathologic evidence of cellular swelling in all layers of the nonglandular mucosa. Because of its high lipid solubility, valeric acid penetrates the nonglandular gastric mucosa, resulting in inhibition of sodium transport and cellular swelling. Valeric acid and other VFAs in gastric contents may contribute to the pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.
Topics: Animals; Culture Techniques; Electric Conductivity; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Membrane Potentials; Pentanoic Acids; Sodium; Stomach; Stomach Ulcer; Time Factors
PubMed: 12693529
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.413 -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2023The equine stomach consists of two separate non-glandular and glandular sections. Despite the incidence of most lesions in the non-glandular region, both stomach parts...
The equine stomach consists of two separate non-glandular and glandular sections. Despite the incidence of most lesions in the non-glandular region, both stomach parts are prone to lesions. In this study, 41 hybrid-native horses, including 24 stallions and 17 mares, were examined over five years. In total, 27 horses (65.85%) that were sampled had lesions, including erosion, granuloma, or both on the glandular region of the stomach. Occurrence of gastric erosive and granulomatous lesions had no significant relationship with the age and gender of horses or the sampling season (>0.05). Moreover, parasites and were mainly the primary cause of gastric erosive and granulomatous lesions respectively. In Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stained tissue sections, the inflammation severity in granulomatous lesions was higher and statistically significant, compared to erosive lesions (<0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed negative expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in gastric lesions, while its expression was relatively positive in normal stomachs. Interestingly, based on counting cells and evaluation of expression intensity, Chromogranin A expression in neuroendocrine glandular cells had a significant relationship with the increase of severity and depth of the lesions (<0.05). The results indicated that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor does not affect the pathogenesis of equine gastric lesions while confirming the role of increment of gastric neuroendocrine cells in lesion progress. Furthermore, the increased expression of Ki67 and p53 proteins in granulomatous lesions, compared to other groups, may be associated with the proliferation and control process of the cells in measures regarding the formation and healing of the lesion.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Male; Female; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Chromogranin A; Stomach Ulcer; Horse Diseases
PubMed: 38226378
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1365 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2010To measure the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in gastric biopsy specimens serially obtained from horses before, during, and after an 8-day intermittent...
Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in equine nonglandular and glandular gastric mucosal biopsy specimens obtained before and after induction of gastric ulceration via intermittent feed deprivation.
OBJECTIVE
To measure the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in gastric biopsy specimens serially obtained from horses before, during, and after an 8-day intermittent feed-deprivation trial and to investigate the mucosal location of COX-2.
ANIMALS
9 mixed-breed horses for retrieval of gastric biopsy specimens and 16 additional horses for immunohistochemical analysis.
PROCEDURES
Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 6 horses; 3 of these horses and 3 more participated in an intermittent feed-deprivation trial 9 weeks later. A quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the amount of COX-2 mRNA in biopsy specimens from nonulcerated and ulcerated gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical staining of specimens by use of a polyclonal anti-COX-2 antibody was performed on full-thickness postmortem gastric biopsy specimens.
RESULTS
COX-2 mRNA was expressed in all glandular gastric mucosal specimens but was only detectable in nonglandular mucosal specimens when ulceration was present or during ulcer healing. Positive staining for COX-2 was present in 12 of 14 nonulcerated glandular mucosal sections. Although such staining was weak or absent in nonulcerated nonglandular sections, stronger staining was evident in regenerating epithelium at the rims of erosions and ulcers.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
COX-2 was constitutively present in equine glandular gastric mucosa, although its contribution to mucosal protection remains unclear. Our finding of COX-2 mRNA expression in ulcer margins during healing may support a role for the products of this enzyme in mucosal repair. The potential roles of COX-2 should be considered when COX-2-selective inhibitors are prescribed for horses with gastric ulcers.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biopsy; Cyclooxygenase 2; DNA Primers; Female; Food Deprivation; Gastric Mucosa; Gastroscopy; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Horse Diseases; Horses; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Orchiectomy; RNA, Messenger; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Stomach Ulcer
PubMed: 21034322
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.11.1312 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2009Gastric neoplasia of horses is incompletely described.
BACKGROUND
Gastric neoplasia of horses is incompletely described.
OBJECTIVE
Provide history, clinical signs, and clinicopathological and pathological findings associated with gastric neoplasia in horses.
ANIMALS
Twenty-four horses with gastric neoplasia.
METHODS
Retrospective study. History, clinical signs, and clinicopathological and pathologic findings in horses diagnosed histologically with gastric neoplasia were reviewed.
RESULTS
Horses ranged in age from 9 to 25 years (median 18 years at presentation). There was no apparent breed or sex predisposition. The most common presenting complaints were inappetance (17/24), weight loss (14/24), lethargy (7/24), hypersalivation (7/24), colic (5/24), and fever (5/24). The most consistent clinical signs were tachypnea (10/19), decreased borborygmi (8/19), and low body weight (7/17). Useful diagnostic tests included rectal examination, routine blood analysis, gastroscopy, abdominocentesis, and transabdominal ultrasound examination. Anemia was the most common hematologic abnormality encountered (7/19), and hypercalcemia of malignancy was seen in 4/16 horses. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common tumor identified (19/24), and was most often (14/19) found as a single ulcerated, necrotic mass in the nonglandular portion of the stomach. Other gastric neoplasms encountered were leiomyoma (n=2), mesothelioma (n=1), adenocarcinoma (n=1), and lymphoma (n=1). Metastatic neoplasia was found in 18/23 horses. The median time from onset of clinical signs to death was 4 weeks, and all horses died or were euthanized because of gastric neoplasia.
CONCLUSIONS
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common primary gastric neoplasia in horses. The survival time after diagnosis of gastric neoplasia in horses is short.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cohort Studies; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Retrospective Studies; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 19656283
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0356.x