Review

Authors: R Jankowski, D T Nguyen, A Russel...

Chronic nasal dysfunction is a clinical concept in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of sinonasal diseases, based on the evo-devo theory of formation of the nose according to which the nose is not a single organ but rather an association of three organs: olfactory nose, respiratory nose and paranasal sinuses. In chronic nasal dysfunction theory, etiological diagnosis takes account of the possible pathophysiological independence of nasal symptoms, in accordance with the different origins and physiology of the three organs constituting the nose. The diagnostic approach of the chronic nasal dysfunction concept breaks down the pathology so as to propose treatment(s) adapted to the diseased organ(s) and to the capacity for physiological resolution of dysfunction induced in one organ by pathology in a neighboring nasal organ. The ethmoid is not a sinus according to evo-devo, and therefore functional endoscopic endonasal surgery (FEES) cannot be restricted to functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Evo-devo theory and the chronic nasal dysfunction concept offer an alternative to the concept of chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps for the management of sinonasal diseases.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Laryngoscopy; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Polyps; Nasal Surgical Procedures; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Smell; Treatment Outcome

PubMed: 29249643
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2017.11.006

Review

Authors: Jeppe Hjembæk-Brandt, Marianne Kromann Nielsen, Preben Homøe...

Injuries to the cartilaginous structures of the nose can arise after minor trauma and without a concomitant nasal fracture. They are diagnosed with a thorough clinical examination and can, if not diagnosed and treated in the acute phase, result in nasal/septal deformation, saddle nose or abscess formation with subsequent intracranial spreading of the infection. Even with proper treatment in the acute phase, the cartilage often heals with deviation. This can result in functional and cosmetic problems which may require later reconstructive surgery, as argued in this review.

Topics: Humans; Rhinoplasty; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Nasal Septum; Cartilage; Nose Diseases

PubMed: 37873992
DOI: No ID Found

Authors: Elisabeth S Dorn, Barbara Tress, Jan S Suchodolski...

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, changes in the microbial population of the nose have been assessed using conventional culture techniques. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that the human nose is inhabited by a rich and diverse bacterial microbiome that cannot be detected using culture-based methods. The goal of this study was to describe the nasal microbiome of healthy cats, cats with nasal neoplasia, and cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD).

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

DNA was extracted from nasal swabs of healthy cats (n = 28), cats with nasal neoplasia (n = 16), and cats with FURTD (n = 15), and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. High species richness was observed in all samples. Rarefaction analysis revealed that healthy cats living indoors had greater species richness (observed species p = 0.042) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.003) compared with healthy cats living outdoors. Higher species richness (observed species p = 0.001) and Shannon diversity (p<0.001) were found in middle-aged cats in comparison to healthy cats in different age groups. Principal coordinate analysis revealed separate clustering based on similarities in bacterial molecular phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA genes for indoor and outdoor cats. In all groups examined, the most abundant phyla identified were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, 375 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. In healthy cats and cats with FURTD, Moraxella spp. was the most common genus, while it was unclassified Bradyrhizobiaceae in cats with nasal neoplasia. High individual variability was observed.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the nose of cats is inhabited by much more variable and diverse microbial communities than previously shown. Future research in this field might help to develop new diagnostic tools to easily identify nasal microbial changes, relate them to certain disease processes, and help clinicians in the decision process of antibiotic selection for individual patients.

Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cat Diseases; Cats; Microbiota; Nose; Nose Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

PubMed: 28662139
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180299

Authors: Fadwa Mekouar, Mohamed Elqatni

Topics: Humans; Nose Diseases; Sarcoidosis

PubMed: 34909102
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.134.32076

Authors: Chirom A Singh, Pirabu Sakthivel

Topics: Adult; Animals; Endemic Diseases; Humans; India; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nose Diseases; Rhinosporidiosis; Rhinosporidium

PubMed: 30943339
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1811820

Review

Authors: G L Marseglia, P Merli, D Caimmi...

The nose plays a primary role within the airways, working as a filter and air-conditioner, together with other important functions. Thus, it is not surprising that nasal diseases are associated with several other comorbidities, including both upper and lower airways, such as bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and asthma. Several studies have investigated the relationship existing between the upper and the lower airways and new insights are rising. Nevertheless, some uncertainties still remain, mainly because nasal disorders are quite heterogeneous, overlapping (i.e. rhinitis-rhinosinusitis-sinusitis, acute or chronic, allergic or non-allergic) and difficult to diagnose, so that, frequently, many studies don’t differentiate between the various conditions. For this reason, the purpose of this review is to systematically analyze present epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical data on the relationship between nasal diseases and asthma, splitting up three main conditions: allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.

Topics: Asthma; Child; Humans; Nasal Polyps; Nose Diseases; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal

PubMed: 22032779
DOI: 10.1177/03946320110240S402

Authors: O Rios, S Latreche, G D'Andrea...

Topics: Humans; Nose Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PubMed: 37268550
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2023.04.008

Authors: Jeane Jeong Hoon Yang, Dalila Filomena Mohallem, Thaís Abrão Cardoso...

Hansen's disease is a chronic infecto-contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The bacillus prefers low-temperature areas and the nose is usually the initial site of lesions. Transmission of the bacilli occurs by nasal and oropharyngeal secretions, and through solutions of continuity of the skin and/or mucosae. Nasal manifestations are found in the later stages of the disease.

Topics: Aged; Humans; Leprosy, Lepromatous; Male; Mycobacterium leprae; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Nose Diseases

PubMed: 25184933
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143045

Authors: Shalini Menon, Kailesh Pujary, Ranjini Kudva...

Entomopthoromycosis is a rare subcutaneous fungal infection caused by affecting mainly the upper respiratory mucosa in immunocompetent people.The manifestations of this disease masquerades other clinical entities.Hence, high index of suspicion is required for prompt diagnosis.Histopathological examination and culture are the gold standard diagnostic tools, however no standard treatment protocols ha been mentioned in literature.We present a case of rhinofacial entomopthoromycosis in a yearold ma with a leftsided rhinofacial swelling to highlight the presence of this unusual fungal infection and its treatment.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Conidiobolus; Diagnosis, Differential; Edema; Humans; Male; Nose Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Zygomycosis

PubMed: 29572369
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223608

Review

Authors: Vijay R Ramakrishnan, Leah J Hauser, Daniel N Frank...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The development of culture-independent bacterial DNA sequencing techniques and integration into research practice has led to a burgeoning interest in the microbiome and its relevance to human health and disease. Introduction into the study of chronic rhinosinusitis in the past few years has shaped current thinking on the role of bacteria in the disease process.

RECENT FINDINGS

Rich and diverse populations of bacteria inhabit the sinonasal cavity at all times. Decreased bacterial richness and diversity may be associated with disease state and outcomes.

SUMMARY

Although there is much to be explored, the sinus microbiome appears to have potentially promising roles in many aspects of sinus health and disease.

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biodiversity; Biofilms; Humans; Microbiological Techniques; Microbiota; Nose; Nose Diseases

PubMed: 26575518
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000221