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International Journal of Obesity and... Apr 1999Energy balance is the resultant of ingested calories and energy expenditure and is generally maintained within narrow limits over prolonged periods. Exercise leads to an... (Review)
Review
Energy balance is the resultant of ingested calories and energy expenditure and is generally maintained within narrow limits over prolonged periods. Exercise leads to an increase in energy expenditure which is, in the long-term, counteracted by increased energy intake. Evidence for this comes from a study in voluntarily running female rats that increased their daily food intake to 130% of the sedentary controls. In contrast, when considered on a short-term basis, exercise will suppress food intake to prevent a potentially dangerous disruption of energy substrate homeostasis. Studies in permanently cannulated rats submitted to a test meal and 2 hrs swimming reveal that both food intake and exercise lead to increases in glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the blood. These changes in glucose and FFA, combined with the exercise-induced alteration in among others glucagon, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and body temperature, may lead to the short-term anorexic effect of exercise.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Physical Conditioning, Animal
PubMed: 10367996
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800876 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Dec 2022The holistic concept of physical literacy assumes that individuals require adequate cognitive (knowledge and understanding), affective (motivation and confidence), and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The holistic concept of physical literacy assumes that individuals require adequate cognitive (knowledge and understanding), affective (motivation and confidence), and physical (physical competence) qualities to engage in lifelong physical activity behavior. In recent years, the research field has undergone rapid development and has also yielded an increasing number of interventions that aim to translate the theoretical-philosophical ideas into practical endeavors.
OBJECTIVE
The goal of the present pre-registered systematic review was to (a) provide a general overview of evaluation studies on physical literacy interventions and (b) to quantitatively examine the effectiveness of physical literacy interventions.
METHODS
Drawing on the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched a total of 18 databases for physical literacy interventions. Inclusion criteria were English language, publication by November 2021, and interventions using physical literacy as a theoretical underpinning or evaluation outcome. Articles that met these criteria were analyzed with respect to their basic delivery characteristics, study quality, evaluation approach, and main findings. We additionally ran meta-analyses with all non-randomized and randomized controlled trials to examine and compare the effect of these interventions on five outcome categories: (i) physical competence, (ii) motivation and confidence, (iii) knowledge and understanding, (iv) physical activity behavior, and (v) total physical literacy. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the effects on the different categories.
RESULTS
The screening process with two independent raters yielded 48 eligible interventions reported in 51 eligible articles. Quantitative evaluations most frequently addressed physical competence (72.2%), followed by motivation and confidence (47.2%), physical activity behavior (41.7%), and knowledge and understanding (33.3%). The controlled intervention studies (n = 24) exerted significant effects on all five physical literacy categories. Despite meaningful heterogeneity across the subgroups, the strongest effects were found for physical competence (SMD 0.90; 95% CI 0.55-1.25), followed by physical literacy aggregate scores (SMD 0.61; 95% CI 0.20-1.01), knowledge and understanding (SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.30-0.79), physical activity behavior (SMD 0.39; 95% CI 0.23-0.55), and motivation and confidence (SMD 0.30; 95% CI 0.17-0.44).
CONCLUSIONS
The present study empirically demonstrated the effectiveness of physical literacy interventions on several outcomes relevant for promoting physical activity and health. To better inform current practices, future studies are advised to identify those program characteristics that significantly influence the effectiveness of physical literacy interventions.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO CRD42020188926.
Topics: Humans; Literacy; Eating; Exercise
PubMed: 35994237
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01738-4 -
Inquiry : a Journal of Medical Care... 2021This study aimed to investigate factors affecting blood glucose control among middle-aged and older diabetic patients taking medications or receiving insulin therapy. In...
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effects of Physical Activity and Nutrient Intakes on Blood Glucose Control Rates in Middle-Aged and Elderly Diabetes Patients: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2017.
This study aimed to investigate factors affecting blood glucose control among middle-aged and older diabetic patients taking medications or receiving insulin therapy. In 2015-2017 data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 1257 patients with diabetes were divided into a controlled group and an uncontrolled group based on blood glucose levels (cutoff ≥126 mg/dL). After adjusting for confounding factors, the BMI, total cholesterol level, and triglycerides level of the uncontrolled group were significantly higher than the controlled group. The total amount of moderate-intensity activity in controlled patients was significantly higher than that of the controlled group. Total energy, fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol intakes were found to be significantly higher in the uncontrolled than controlled group. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly lower in the uncontrolled than controlled group. Adequate nutrition intake and physical activity of patients undergoing diabetes therapy are required for effective blood glucose management for both diabetic drug and insulin therapies.
Topics: Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Eating; Exercise; Glycemic Control; Humans; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 34541956
DOI: 10.1177/00469580211035727 -
BMC Public Health Aug 2018The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing and psychological disorder is a common comorbidity of obesity. We investigated the associations of physical activity...
Associations of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake with well-being and depressive symptoms among obese schoolchildren in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing and psychological disorder is a common comorbidity of obesity. We investigated the associations of physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake with well-being and depressive symptoms among obese schoolchildren.
METHODS
Participants included 188 obese children aged 9.8 ± 0.7 years living in Wuhan, China. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the children's PA and FV intake information. PA was considered to be high if the child participated in sport and/or vigorous free play at least 3 days per week with 60 min per day, while sufficient FV intake was defined as consuming FV 5 times per day. Children's well-being and depressive symptoms were assessed by standard questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the relationships of PA and FV intake with well-being and depressive symptoms.
RESULTS
High PA and sufficient FV intake were independently associated with significantly decreased risks for depressive symptoms (for PA, OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16-0.92; for FV, OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08-0.55) and poor well-being (for PA, OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.74), respectively. Furthermore, interactive inverse associations were observed between combined high PA and sufficient FV intake with poor well-being and depressive symptoms. Compared to their counterparts, children with high PA and sufficient FV intake had significantly reduced risk for poor well-being (OR: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.05-0.55) and depressive symptoms (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.48).
CONCLUSIONS
High PA and sufficient FV intake are inversely associated with the risks of poor well-being and depressive symptoms among obese Chinese schoolchildren.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Child; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Eating; Exercise; Female; Fruit; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Obesity; Prevalence; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vegetables
PubMed: 30089451
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5779-9 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2023We examined relationships between walkability and health behaviors between and within identical twin pairs, considering both home (neighborhood) walkability and each...
We examined relationships between walkability and health behaviors between and within identical twin pairs, considering both home (neighborhood) walkability and each twin's measured activity space. Continuous activity and location data (via accelerometry and GPS) were obtained in 79 pairs over 2 weeks. Walkability was estimated using Walk Score (WS); home WS refers to neighborhood walkability, and GPS WS refers to the mean of individual WSs matched to every GPS point collected by each participant. GPS WS was assessed within (WHN) and out of the neighborhood (OHN), using 1-mile Euclidean (air1mi) and network (net1mi) buffers. Outcomes included walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts, dietary energy density (DED), and BMI. Home WS was associated with WHN GPS WS ( = 0.71, = 0.03, < 0.001 for air1mi; = 0.79, = 0.03, < 0.001 for net1mi), and OHN GPS WS ( = 0.18, = 0.04, < 0.001 for air1mi; = 0.22, = 0.04, < 0.001 for net1mi). Quasi-causal relationships (within-twin) were observed for home and GPS WS with walking ( < 0.01), but not MVPA, DED, or BMI. Results support previous literature that neighborhood walkability has a positive influence on walking.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Mass Index; Environment Design; Exercise; Walking; Built Environment; Residence Characteristics; Eating
PubMed: 36981789
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064885 -
Nursing Open Mar 2021The aim of this systematic reviews was to synthesize the current studies for the effectiveness of intradialytic resistance exercises with usual care on HD people. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Effects of intradialytic resistance exercises on physical performance, nutrient intake and quality of life among haemodialysis people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this systematic reviews was to synthesize the current studies for the effectiveness of intradialytic resistance exercises with usual care on HD people.
DESIGN
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
METHODS
A systematic search of seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, WanFang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and SINOMED, was systematically searched up to May 2018. The reference lists of previously reported systematic review were also checked. Pooled analysis was used to determine effection of intradialytic resistance exercises for haemodialysis people. Physical performance, nutrient intake and quality of life were explored, by comparing the association between effect sizes.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies of 594 people were included. Compared with control groups, intradialytic resistance exercises significantly improve physical performance included 6-min walk test, sit-to-stand 30 and grip strength. However, no significant improvements were found in nutrient intakes such as dietary protein intake and quality of life.
Topics: China; Eating; Energy Intake; Humans; Physical Functional Performance; Quality of Life; Renal Dialysis; Resistance Training
PubMed: 33570280
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.274 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2020Adults and children in Canada are not meeting physical activity guidelines nor consuming sufficient nutrient-rich foods. High engagement in these unhealthy behaviours... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Perspectives and Impact of a Parent-Child Intervention on Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Behaviours, Parental Motivation, and Parental Body Composition: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Adults and children in Canada are not meeting physical activity guidelines nor consuming sufficient nutrient-rich foods. High engagement in these unhealthy behaviours can lead to obesity and its associated diseases. Parent-child interventions aimed at obesity prevention/treatment have assisted families with making positive changes to their nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Given that the home environment shapes early health behaviours, it is important to target both parents and children when addressing diet and physical activity. One method that has been shown to improve health outcomes is co-active coaching. The current study explored the impact of a three-month co-active coaching and/or health education intervention on the dietary intake and physical activity behaviours of parents with overweight/obesity and their children (ages 2.5-10; of any weight). Body composition (i.e., body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference), changes in parental motivation with respect to physical activity and dietary behaviours, and parental perceptions of program improvements were collected. A concurrent mixed methods study comprised of a randomized controlled trial and a descriptive qualitative design was utilized. Fifty parent-child dyads were recruited and randomly assigned to the control ( = 25) or intervention ( = 25) group. Assessments were completed at baseline, mid-intervention (six weeks), post-intervention (three months), and six-month follow-up. A linear mixed effects model was utilized for quantitative analysis. Inductive content analysis was used to extract themes from parent interviews. No significant results were observed over time for the dependent measures. Parents in both control and intervention groups reported varied program experiences, including developing changes in perspective, increased awareness of habits, and heightened accountability for making positive changes in themselves, and consequently, their families. Parents also shared barriers they faced when implementing changes (e.g., time, weather, stress). Qualitatively, both groups reported benefitting from this program, with the intervention group describing salient benefits from engaging in coaching. This research expands on the utility of coaching as a method for behaviour change, when compared to education only, in parents with overweight/obesity and their children.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Canada; Child; Child, Preschool; Diet; Eating; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Motivation; Parent-Child Relations; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 32962031
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186822 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Sep 2012Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a distinct form of physical allergy. The development of anaphylaxis during exertion often requires the concomitant exposure to... (Review)
Review
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a distinct form of physical allergy. The development of anaphylaxis during exertion often requires the concomitant exposure to triggering factors such as intake of foods (food dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis) or drugs prior to exercise, extreme environmental conditions. EIA is a rare, but serious disorder, which is often undetected or inadequately treated. This article summarizes current evidences on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. We reviewed recent advances in factors triggering the release of mediators from mast cells which seems to play a pathogenetic role. A correct diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary restricted diet, to allow physical activity in subjects with EIA dependent from triggering factors such as food, and to manage attacks. An algorithm for diagnosing EIA based on medical history, IgE tests and exercise challenge test has been provided. In the long-term management of EIA, there is a need for educating patients and care-givers to avoid exposure to precipitating factors and to recognize and treat episodes. Future researches on existing questions are discussed.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Eating; Exercise; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22980517
DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-43 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2011We reviewed studies that examine the relationship of energy consumption, storage, and expenditure to cognition and scholastic performance. Specifically, the literature... (Review)
Review
We reviewed studies that examine the relationship of energy consumption, storage, and expenditure to cognition and scholastic performance. Specifically, the literature base on nutrient intake, body mass, and physical activity is described relative to cognitive development and academic achievement. The review of literature regarding the overconsumption of energy and excess body mass suggests poorer academic achievement during development and greater decay of brain structure and function accompanied by increased cognitive aging during older adulthood. The review of literature regarding energy expenditure through the adoption of increased physical activity participation suggests increased cognitive health and function. Although this area of study is in its infancy, the preliminary data are promising and matched with the declining physical health of industrialized nations; this area of science could provide insight aimed at improving brain health and cognitive function across the human lifespan.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Educational Status; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Nutritional Status; Obesity; Young Adult
PubMed: 22332052
DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000331 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Feb 2018This study presents a series of protocols of designing and manufacturing a glasses-type wearable device that detects the patterns of temporalis muscle activities during...
This study presents a series of protocols of designing and manufacturing a glasses-type wearable device that detects the patterns of temporalis muscle activities during food intake and other physical activities. We fabricated a 3D-printed frame of the glasses and a load cell-integrated printed circuit board (PCB) module inserted in both hinges of the frame. The module was used to acquire the force signals, and transmit them wirelessly. These procedures provide the system with higher mobility, which can be evaluated in practical wearing conditions such as walking and waggling. A performance of the classification is also evaluated by distinguishing the patterns of food intake from those physical activities. A series of algorithms were used to preprocess the signals, generate feature vectors, and recognize the patterns of several featured activities (chewing and winking), and other physical activities (sedentary rest, talking, and walking). The results showed that the average F1 score of the classification among the featured activities was 91.4%. We believe this approach can be potentially useful for automatic and objective monitoring of ingestive behaviors with higher accuracy as practical means to treat ingestive problems.
Topics: Adult; Eating; Exercise; Eyeglasses; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Wearable Electronic Devices; Young Adult
PubMed: 29553495
DOI: 10.3791/56633