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Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive... 2019To review the clinical features of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract among cases reported in the literature, and to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To review the clinical features of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract among cases reported in the literature, and to describe a case of orbital metastasis from bladder cancer presenting as apparent internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
METHODS
Case reports of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas published in the literature from 1965 to 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, cancer stage and primary site, time to onset of ocular symptoms, length of presenting ocular symptoms, types of primary ocular symptoms, diagnostic imaging, histology, systemic and ocular treatments, and survival time.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight cases of urothelial carcinoma with metastasis to the orbit or choroid were reviewed. Men were significantly more likely to suffer from this condition than women (p = 0.011). The average age of presentation with orbital symptoms was 63 years, with an average time of 19 months between primary cancer diagnosis and onset of orbital symptoms. Twenty-two patients had metastasis to the orbit and 6 to the choroid. In 4 cases, ocular deficits secondary to orbital and/or choroidal metastases were the initial presenting symptoms in patients with previously undiagnosed urothelial carcinoma. The most commonly noted primary ocular symptoms and signs consisted of decreased visual acuity, decreased ocular motility, proptosis, and diplopia. Average survival from onset of ocular symptoms was 4.67 months.
CONCLUSIONS
Urothelial carcinoma may metastasize to the orbit or choroid; furthermore, its presentation may mimic internuclear ophthalmoplegia. It is recommended that any patient with visual symptoms and known urothelial cancer should undergo expedited workup for metastatic disease.
Topics: Biopsy; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Orbit; Orbital Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30489454
DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001256 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jan 2022Increased pressure in the orbital compartment is a medical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention. Treatment should be initiated within the first hour to... (Review)
Review
Increased pressure in the orbital compartment is a medical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention. Treatment should be initiated within the first hour to avoid permanent visual loss. This review describes the findings of orbital compartment syndrome and the procedure of performing lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. We recommend that any doctor seeing patients in an emergency setting should have knowledge of the symptoms and procedure.
Topics: Compartment Syndromes; Eyelids; Humans; Orbit
PubMed: 35088695
DOI: No ID Found -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 1994Most ocular and orbital injuries or acute ocular inflammation in horses result in similar signs of adnexal swelling, photophobia, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. It is... (Review)
Review
Most ocular and orbital injuries or acute ocular inflammation in horses result in similar signs of adnexal swelling, photophobia, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. It is hoped that detailed examination and the suggestions in this article will enable veterinarians attending horses having ocular emergencies to arrive at a correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
Topics: Animals; Emergencies; Eye Diseases; Eye Injuries; Horse Diseases; Horses; Orbit
PubMed: 7704821
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30349-8 -
Middle East African Journal of... 2015Determining safe surgical access to the orbit can be difficult given the complex anatomy and delicacy of the orbital structures. When considering biopsy or removal of an... (Review)
Review
Determining safe surgical access to the orbit can be difficult given the complex anatomy and delicacy of the orbital structures. When considering biopsy or removal of an orbital tumor or repair of orbital fractures, careful planning is required to determine the ideal approach. Traditionally, this has at times necessitated invasive procedures with large incisions and extensive bone removal. The purpose of this review was to present newly techniques and devices in orbital surgery that have been reported over the past decade, with aims to provide better exposure and/or minimally invasive approaches and to improve morbidity and/or mortality.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Orbit; Orbital Diseases; Surgery, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 26692713
DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.164613 -
Developments in Ophthalmology 2007The oculomotor periphery was formerly regarded as a simple mechanism executing complex behaviors explicitly specified by innervation. It is now recognized that several... (Review)
Review
The oculomotor periphery was formerly regarded as a simple mechanism executing complex behaviors explicitly specified by innervation. It is now recognized that several fundamental aspects of ocular motility are properties of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their associated connective tissue pulleys. The Active Pulley Hypothesis proposes that rectus and inferior oblique EOMs have connective tissue soft pulleys that are actively controlled by the action of the EOMs' orbital layers. Functional imaging and histology have suggested that the rectus pulley array constitutes an inner mechanism, similar to a gimbal, that is rotated torsionally around the orbital axis by an outer mechanism driven by the oblique EOMs. This arrangement may mechanically account for several commutative aspects of ocular motor control, including Listing's law, yet permits implementation of noncommutative motility as during the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Recent human behavioral studies, as well neurophysiology in monkeys, are consistent with mechanical rather than central neural implementation of Listing's law. Pathology of the pulley system is associated with predictable patterns of strabismus that are surgically treatable when the pathologic anatomy is characterized by imaging. This mechanical determination may imply limited possibilities for neural adaptation to some ocular motor pathologies, but indicates greater potential for surgical treatments.
Topics: Adaptation, Ocular; Animals; Eye Movements; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Orbit
PubMed: 17314483
DOI: 10.1159/000100353 -
Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica :... Apr 2021
Review
Topics: Decompression, Surgical; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Humans; Orbit; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34060524
DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-suppl.1-41-2021-09 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2022The anatomy and even existence of a common tendinous origin of the extraocular eye muscles, or annulus of Zinn, has widely been debated in anatomical literature. This...
The anatomy and even existence of a common tendinous origin of the extraocular eye muscles, or annulus of Zinn, has widely been debated in anatomical literature. This study explored the anatomical origins of the recti muscles, their course into the orbit and the dural connections of the common tendinous origin with the skull base. Twenty orbits of ten adult human cadavers were dissected. The orbital apex and its dural connections were photographed. Histological examination of apical specimens was performed. In all cadavers, extraocular muscles were observed to have a common tendinous origin at the orbital apex, continuous with dural connections extending into the skull base. Accessory slips of the medial rectus were observed across all cadavers. Dual heads of the lateral rectus were observed in fourteen orbits of seven cadavers. The origin of the levator palpebrae superioris appeared to be contiguous with the superior rectus at the common tendinous origin in all but one cadaver. These results support the existence of a common tendinous origin of the extraocular muscles, that is continuous with the skull base dura. In addition, they support the existence of variations in orbital anatomy including dual or accessory muscle slips of the extraocular muscles.
Topics: Cadaver; Dura Mater; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Orbit; Tendons
PubMed: 35058545
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05178-y -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2024Vascular anomalies comprise a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations related to disturbances in the blood or lymph vessels. They correspond to mainly tumors... (Review)
Review
Vascular anomalies comprise a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations related to disturbances in the blood or lymph vessels. They correspond to mainly tumors (especially hemangiomas), characterized by high mitotic activity and proliferation of the vascular endothelium, and malformations, endowed with normal mitotic activity and no hypercellularity or changes in the rate of cell turnover. However, the classifications of these lesions go beyond this dichotomy and consist various systems adapted for and by different clinical subgroups. Thus, the classifications have not reached a consensus and have historically caused confusion regarding the nomenclatures and definitions. Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit, previously called cavernous hemangiomas, are the most common benign vascular orbital lesions in adults. Herein, we have compiled and discussed the various evidences, including clinical, radiological, morphological, and molecular evidence that indicate the non-neoplastic nature of these lesions.
Topics: Humans; Hemangioma, Cavernous; Orbital Neoplasms; Orbit; Vascular Malformations
PubMed: 38655941
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.2023-0338 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2010Perforating injuries of the orbit involving the paranasal sinuses are uncommon. We report a case in which a large wooden foreign body lodged in the posterior orbit and...
Perforating injuries of the orbit involving the paranasal sinuses are uncommon. We report a case in which a large wooden foreign body lodged in the posterior orbit and maxillary sinus was surgically removed by a combined approach by ophthalmologists and ear, nose and throat surgeons.
Topics: Adolescent; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Orbit; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 20952841
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.71710 -
The Neuroradiology Journal Apr 2018Orbital apex disorders include orbital apex syndrome, superior orbital fissure syndrome and cavernous sinus syndrome. These disorders result from various etiologies,... (Review)
Review
Orbital apex disorders include orbital apex syndrome, superior orbital fissure syndrome and cavernous sinus syndrome. These disorders result from various etiologies, including trauma, neoplastic, developmental, infectious, inflammatory as well as vascular causes. In the past, these have been described separately based on anatomical locations of disease process; however, these three disorders share similar causes, diagnostic evaluation and management strategies. The etiology is diverse and management is directed to the causative process. This imaging review summarizes the pertinent anatomy of the orbital apex and illustrates representative pathological processes that may affect this region. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current status of diagnostic imaging and management of patients with orbital apex disorders.
Topics: Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Orbit; Orbital Diseases; Sensitivity and Specificity; Syndrome; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 29415610
DOI: 10.1177/1971400917740361