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Applied Microbiology Jan 1974The suitability of the Shahidi-Ferguson perfringens, TSC (tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine), and oleandomycin-polymyxin-sulfadiazine perfringens agars for presumptive... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The suitability of the Shahidi-Ferguson perfringens, TSC (tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine), and oleandomycin-polymyxin-sulfadiazine perfringens agars for presumptive enumeration of Clostridium perfringens was tested. Of these, the TSC agar was the most satisfactory. The TSC agar method was improved by eliminating the egg yolk and using pour plates. The modified method allowed quantitative recoveries of each of 71 C. perfringens strains tested and is recommended. For confirmation of C. perfringens, the nitrite test in nitrate motility agar was unreliable, particularly after storage of the medium for a few days. In contrast, positive nitrite reactions were obtained consistently when nitrate motility agar was supplemented with glycerol and galactose.
Topics: Agar; Anaerobiosis; Cell Count; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Egg Yolk; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Food Microbiology; Oleandomycin; Peptones; Polymyxins; Sulfadiazine; Sulfites
PubMed: 4358863
DOI: 10.1128/am.27.1.78-82.1974 -
Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao = Acta... Sep 1998To study the effect of cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) inhibitors on clomipramine (Clo) N-demethylation in vitro.
AIM
To study the effect of cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) inhibitors on clomipramine (Clo) N-demethylation in vitro.
METHODS
The kinetic parameters of Clo N-demethylation in human liver microsomes were obtained by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The parameters after pretreatment with putative inhibitors of various CYP450 isoforms were compared with controls.
RESULTS
K(m1), K(m2), Vmax1, Vmax2, Vmax1/K(m1), and Vmax2/K(m2) were (0.11 +/- 0.06), (24 +/- 14) mumol.L-1, (114 +/- 47), (428 +/- 188) nmol.g-1.min-1, (1.8 +/- 1.6), and (0.019 +/- 0.005) L.g-1.min-1, respectively. The interindividual variations for the last 4 parameters reached up to 2.5-, 7.3-, 3.4-, and 1.8-fold. At 5 mumol.L-1 of Clo, troleandomycin (Tro), furafylline (Fur), ditiocarb sodium (Dit), and S-mephenytoin (Mep) produced a marked inhibition on Clo N-demethylation while sulfaphenazole (Sul) and quinidine (Qui) had only slight effects. The inhibitory rates by Dit 30, Mep 500, Fur 10, Tro 10, Fur 80, Tro 200 and Fur 80 + Tro 200 mumol.L-1 were 27.0%, 32.9%, 42.8%, 40.5%, 63.9%, 66.4%, and 78.3%, respectively. The IC50 (95% confidence limits) for Fur and Tro were 27.7 (19.1-36.3) and 42.1 (20.9-63.3) mumol.L-1, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The N-demethylation of Clo exhibited a biphasic behavior. This reaction was mediated mainly by both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, to a minor extent by CYP2C19 at the low concentration of Clo in vitro.
Topics: Adult; Clomipramine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mephenytoin; Methylation; Microsomes, Liver; Middle Aged; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Theophylline; Troleandomycin
PubMed: 10375803
DOI: No ID Found -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2024The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive recent draft issued last October 2022 pays attention to contaminants of emerging concern including organic micropollutants...
The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive recent draft issued last October 2022 pays attention to contaminants of emerging concern including organic micropollutants (OMPs) and requires the removal of some of them at large urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) calling for their upgrading. Many investigations to date have reported the occurrence of a vast group of OMPs in the influent and many technologies have been tested for their removal at a lab- or pilot-scale. Moreover, it is well-known that hospital wastewater (HWW) contains specific OMPs at high concentration and therefore its management and treatment deserves attention. In this study, a 1-year investigation was carried out at a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating mainly HWW. To promote the removal of OMPs, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was added to the bioreactor at 0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L which resulted in the MBR operating as a hybrid MBR. Its performance was tested for 232 target and 90 non-target OMPs, analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS using a direct injection method. A new methodology was defined to select the key compounds in order to evaluate the performance of the treatments. It was based on their frequency, occurrence, persistence to removal, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Finally, an environmental risk assessment of the OMP residues was conducted by means of the risk quotient approach. The results indicate that PAC addition increased the removal of most of the key OMPs (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, lidocaine) and OMP classes (e.g., antibiotics, psychiatric drugs and stimulants) with the highest loads in the WWTP influent. The hybrid MBR also reduced the risk in the receiving water as the PAC dosage increased mainly for spiramycin, lorazepam, oleandomycin. Finally, uncertainties and issues related to the investigation being carried out at full-scale under real conditions are discussed.
Topics: Wastewater; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Adsorption; Charcoal; Water Purification; Bioreactors; Powders
PubMed: 38190908
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169848 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Mar 1959
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Erythromycin; Micrococcus; Oleandomycin; Spiramycin; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 13641436
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.12.2.163 -
Journal of Bacteriology Nov 1962Pattee, P. A. (Iowa State University, Ames) and J. N. Baldwin. Transduction of resistance to some macrolide antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol....
Pattee, P. A. (Iowa State University, Ames) and J. N. Baldwin. Transduction of resistance to some macrolide antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 84:1049-1055. 1962.-By use of phage 80 of the International Typing Series, propagated on appropriate strains of Staphylococcus aureus, two related markers controlling resistance to certain macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin) were transduced among a variety of strains of S. aureus. Unlike the markers controlling penicillinase production and resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin, the determinants of resistance to the macrolide antibiotics were transduced at normal frequencies (at least 300 transductants per 10(9) phage) only to certain of the recipient strains. One of the markers studied appears to control an inducible enzyme system which is specifically induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and which controls resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin. The other marker examined confers resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin, and shows no evidence of being dependent upon an inducible mechanism.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Genetics; Leucomycins; Macrolides; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Spiramycin; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 13941896
DOI: 10.1128/jb.84.5.1049-1055.1962 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2000A 9.8-kb DNA region from the oleandomycin gene cluster in Streptomyces antibioticus was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 8 open reading frames encoding...
A 9.8-kb DNA region from the oleandomycin gene cluster in Streptomyces antibioticus was cloned. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 8 open reading frames encoding different enzyme activities involved in the biosynthesis of one of the two 2, 6-deoxysugars attached to the oleandomycin aglycone: L-oleandrose (the oleW, oleV, oleL, and oleU genes) and D-desosamine (the oleNI and oleT genes), or of both (the oleS and oleE genes). A Streptomyces albus strain harboring the oleG2 glycosyltransferase gene integrated into the chromosome was constructed. This strain was transformed with two different plasmid constructs (pOLV and pOLE) containing a set of genes proposed to be required for the biosynthesis of dTDP-L-olivose and dTDP-L-oleandrose, respectively. Incubation of these recombinant strains with the erythromycin aglycon (erythronolide B) gave rise to two new glycosylated compounds, identified as L-3-O-olivosyl- and L-3-O-oleandrosyl-erythronolide B, indicating that pOLV and pOLE encode all enzyme activities required for the biosynthesis of these two 2,6-dideoxysugars. A pathway is proposed for the biosynthesis of these two deoxysugars in S. antibioticus.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Sugars; Bacterial Proteins; Cloning, Molecular; Deoxy Sugars; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Glycosyltransferases; Hexoses; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Oleandomycin; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Streptomyces antibioticus
PubMed: 10770761
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.5.1266-1275.2000 -
The Journal of Antibiotics May 2000Current Japanese clinical practice involves the usage of large amounts of new macrolides such as clarithromycin and roxithromycin for the treatment of diffuse...
Current Japanese clinical practice involves the usage of large amounts of new macrolides such as clarithromycin and roxithromycin for the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis, Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium avium complex infections. In this study, the phenotypes, genotypes, and macrolide resistance mechanisms of macrolide-inactivating Escherichia coli recovered in Japan from 1996 to 1997, were investigated. The isolation rate of erythromycin A highly-resistant E. coli (MIC > or = 1,600 microg/ml) in Japan slightly increased from 0.5% in 1986 to 1.2% in 1997. In six macrolide-resistant strains, recovered from the strains collected for this study during 1996 to 1997, the inactivation of macrolide could be detected with or without added ATP in the assay system. The appearance of erythromycin A-inactivating enzyme independent of ATP was novel from Japanese isolates, and the 1H NMR spectra of oleandomycin hydrolyzed by the three ATP-independent isolates were examined. It was clearly shown that the lactone ring at the position of C-13 was cleaved as 13-H signal in aglycon of oleandomycin upper shifted. These results suggested the first detection of macrolide-lactone ring-hydrolase from clinical isolates in Japan. These results suggested the first detection of an ATP-independent macrolide-hydrolyzing enzyme from Japanese clinical isolates. Substrate specificity of the macrolide-hydrolyzing enzyme was determined with twelve macrolides including the newer members of this group and it was found that not only erythromycin A but also the new macrolides, such as clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin were inactivated. The NMR data, broad spectrum of activity, and independence of co-enzyme supported our naming of the enzyme as a macrolide esterase. PCR methodology was employed to detect an ereB-like gene from the 3 isolates producing macrolide esterase, and one of these was subsequently shown to contain both ereB-like and ermB-like genes. It was also clearly shown that the other three isolates, which inactivated macrolide in the presence of ATP, had an mphA-like gene.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Esterases; Macrolides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 10908116
DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.53.516 -
PloS One 2023Lactic acid bacteria are known to produce numerous antibacterial metabolites that are active against various pathogenic microbes. In this study, bioactive metabolites...
Lactic acid bacteria are known to produce numerous antibacterial metabolites that are active against various pathogenic microbes. In this study, bioactive metabolites from the cell free supernatant of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis BCH-4 were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction, using ethyl acetate, followed by fractionation, using silica gel column chromatography. The collected F23 fraction effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus) by observing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The evaluated values of MIC were 15.6 ± 0.34, 3.9 ± 0.59, and 31.2 ± 0.67 μg/mL and MBC were 15.6 ± 0.98, 7.8 ± 0.45, and 62.5 ± 0.23 μg/mL respectively, against the above-mentioned pathogenic bacteria. The concentration of F23 fraction was varying from 1000 to 1.9 μg/mL. Furthermore, the fraction also exhibited sustainable biofilm inhibition. Using the Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), the metabolites present in the bioactive fraction (F23), were identified as phthalic acid, myristic acid, mangiferin, 16-hydroxylpalmatic acid, apigenin, and oleandomycin. By using in silico approach, docking analysis showed good interaction of identified metabolites and receptor proteins of pathogenic bacteria. The present study suggested Loigolactobacillus coryniformis BCH-4, as a promising source of natural bioactive metabolites which may receive great benefit as potential sources of drugs in the pharmacological sector.
Topics: Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus cereus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37561679
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289723 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Oct 2016Exacerbations of asthma and COPD are triggered by rhinoviruses. Uncontrolled inflammatory pathways, pathogenic bacterial burden and impaired antiviral immunity are...
BACKGROUND
Exacerbations of asthma and COPD are triggered by rhinoviruses. Uncontrolled inflammatory pathways, pathogenic bacterial burden and impaired antiviral immunity are thought to be important factors in disease severity and duration. Macrolides including azithromycin are often used to treat the above diseases, but exhibit variable levels of efficacy. Inhaled corticosteroids are also readily used in treatment, but may lack specificity. Ideally, new treatment alternatives should suppress unwanted inflammation, but spare beneficial antiviral immunity.
METHODS
In the present study, we screened 225 novel macrolides and tested them for enhanced antiviral activity against rhinovirus, as well as anti-inflammatory activity and activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Primary bronchial epithelial cells were grown from 10 asthmatic individuals and the effects of macrolides on rhinovirus replication were also examined. Another 30 structurally similar macrolides were also examined.
RESULTS
The oleandomycin derivative Mac5, compared with azithromycin, showed superior induction (up to 5-fold, EC50 = 5-11 μM) of rhinovirus-induced type I IFNβ, type III IFNλ1 and type III IFNλ2/3 mRNA and the IFN-stimulated genes viperin and MxA, yet had no effect on IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA. Mac5 also suppressed rhinovirus replication at 48 h, proving antiviral activity. Mac5 showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, it did not have any antibacterial properties compared with azithromycin when used against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (as a model organism) and also the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Further non-toxic Mac5 derivatives were identified with various anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial activities.
CONCLUSIONS
The data support the idea that macrolides have antiviral properties through a mechanism that is yet to be ascertained. We also provide evidence that macrolides can be developed with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral activity and show surprising versatility depending on the clinical need.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antiviral Agents; Asthma; Bronchi; Cells, Cultured; Drug Discovery; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Interferon-beta; Interferons; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Macrolides; Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; Proteins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhinovirus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27494903
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw222 -
Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao = Acta... Apr 1999To explore the capacity and characteristics of adrenal mitochondria to metabolize xenobiotics in vitro in human fetus.
AIM
To explore the capacity and characteristics of adrenal mitochondria to metabolize xenobiotics in vitro in human fetus.
METHODS
Subcellular fractions of fetal adrenal were prepared by differential centrifugation. Mitochondrial P-450 system was proved by spectral analyses and SDS-PAGE. The formaldehyde formation contents were measured with Nash reagent.
RESULTS
The erythromycin N-demethylation linearly increased in the protein concentration (1-4 mg)- and incubation time (10-30 min)-dependent manners. A typical concentration-effect relationship appeared with erythromycin 0.067-1 mmol.L-1 and a positive correlation (r = 0.641, P < 0.05) existed between erythromycin N-demethylation and gestation months. The N-demethylation values (nmol.s-1/g protein) of erythromycin (2.7 +/- 0.8), benzfetamine (1.1 +/- 0.5), and aminophenazone (0.9 +/- 0.4) in mitochondria were 89% (P > 0.05), 162% (P < 0.01), and 62% (P < 0.01), respectively, of those in microsomes. There was correlation between mitochondria and microsomes in the N-demethylation of erythromycin (r = 0.708, P < 0.05) and benzfetamine (r = 0.707, P < 0.05). Troleandomycin stimulated erythromycin N-demethylation in adrenal mitochondria as well as in adrenal and liver microsomes in vitro.
CONCLUSION
Fetal adrenal mitochondria, with multiple P-450 isoforms and greater capacity of demethylation, play a role in drug-metabolism during fetal development.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aminopyrine; Benzphetamine; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Erythromycin; Fetus; Formaldehyde; Humans; Microsomes, Liver; Mitochondria; Troleandomycin
PubMed: 10452125
DOI: No ID Found