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CNS Oncology 2015Oligodendroglial tumors are chemosensitive with a favorable prognosis compared with other histological subtypes. The genetic hallmark of co-deletion of 1p and 19q... (Review)
Review
Oligodendroglial tumors are chemosensitive with a favorable prognosis compared with other histological subtypes. The genetic hallmark of co-deletion of 1p and 19q determines both treatment response and prognosis. While this test now forms part of routine histopathology diagnosis in many laboratories, alternative noninvasive imaging biomarkers of tumor genotype remain an attractive proposition. This review will focus on imaging biomarkers of molecular genetics in oligodendroglial tumors.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Chromosome Deletion; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9; Humans; Neuroimaging; Oligodendroglioma
PubMed: 26478219
DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.37 -
CNS Oncology 2015Radiotherapy has been a longstanding treatment option for low-grade glioma. Improvements in tumor control and radiation-related toxicity may be attributed to advances in... (Review)
Review
Radiotherapy has been a longstanding treatment option for low-grade glioma. Improvements in tumor control and radiation-related toxicity may be attributed to advances in neuroimaging as well as radiotherapy planning and delivery. The discovery of various molecular prognostic factors have aided in patient selection for radiotherapy. These prognostic and predictive factors may also play a key role in determining which patients are likely to benefit most from combined systemic therapy and radiation.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Neuroimaging; Oligodendroglioma; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 26477980
DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.25 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2022This case series describes the clinical and pathological findings of intracranial neoplasms in cattle, a rare entity. Data and archived tissues from 24 intracranial...
This case series describes the clinical and pathological findings of intracranial neoplasms in cattle, a rare entity. Data and archived tissues from 24 intracranial tumors were reviewed and investigated by immunohistochemistry for S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, pancytokeratin, vimentin, neuron-specific enolase, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. Ages of affected cattle ranged from 6 months to 14 years (5.7 ± 3.6 years; mean ± SD). Predominant clinical signs were altered mental state, central vestibular dysfunction, and cerebellar incoordination. Twelve gliomas, all high grade, were the most common tumors observed: oligodendrogliomas (n = 6), astrocytomas (n = 4), and undefined gliomas (n = 2). The oligodendrogliomas were located in the brainstem and extended into the ventricles, whereas all astrocytomas were located in the forebrain. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 gene mutation as described in humans was not detected. The 5 meningiomas exhibited microcystic, chordoid, atypical, papillary, and anaplastic subtypes. Metastatic carcinomas (n = 4) were the only secondary tumor type present, and these were located at the level of the medulla with infiltration of cranial nerves and in one case leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. In addition, 2 medulloblastomas and 1 choroid plexus carcinoma were diagnosed. Immunohistochemistry for vimentin and pancytokeratin was particularly useful to distinguish meningiomas and choroid plexus carcinoma (positive for vimentin only) from mestastatic carcinomas (positive for cytokeratin only) as all showed a papillary growth pattern. Overall, the morphological features were comparable with other species and the human and canine classifications could be applied.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Choroid Plexus Neoplasms; Glioma; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Oligodendroglioma; Retrospective Studies; Vimentin
PubMed: 35638647
DOI: 10.1177/03009858221100433 -
Neurologia Medico-chirurgica 2013World Health Organization grade II gliomas (GIIGs) include diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma. GIIG is a malignant brain tumor for which the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
World Health Organization grade II gliomas (GIIGs) include diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma. GIIG is a malignant brain tumor for which the treatment outcome can still be improved. Review of previous clinical trials found the following: (1) GIIG increased in size by 3-5 mm per year when observed or treated with surgery alone; (2) after pathological diagnosis, the survival rate was increased by early aggressive tumor removal at an earlier stage compared to observation alone; (3) although the prognosis after total tumor removal was significantly better than that after partial tumor removal, half of the patients relapsed within 5 years; (4) comparing postoperative early radiotherapy (RT) and non-early RT after relapse, early RT prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) but did not affect overall survival (OS); (5) local RT of 45 to 64.8 Gy did not impact PFS or OS; (6) in patients with residual tumors, RT combined with chemotherapy (procarbazine plus lomustine plus vincristine) prolonged PFS compared with RT alone but did not affect OS; and (7) poor prognostic factors included astrocytoma, non-total tumor removal, age ≥40 years, largest tumor diameter ≥4-6 cm, tumor crossing the midline, and neurological deficit. To improve treatment outcomes, surgery with functional brain mapping or intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging or chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide is important. In this review, current knowledge regarding GIIG is described and treatment strategies are explored.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; Combined Modality Therapy; Cranial Irradiation; Craniotomy; Early Medical Intervention; Glioma; Humans; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasm, Residual; Oligodendroglioma; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Survival Rate
PubMed: 23883553
DOI: 10.2176/nmc.53.429 -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Dec 2022Histopathological evaluation of tumours is a subjective process, but studies of inter-pathologist agreement are uncommon in veterinary medicine. The Comparative Brain...
Histopathological evaluation of tumours is a subjective process, but studies of inter-pathologist agreement are uncommon in veterinary medicine. The Comparative Brain Tumour Consortium (CBTC) recently published diagnostic criteria for canine gliomas. Our objective was to assess the degree of inter-pathologist agreement on intracranial canine gliomas, utilising the CBTC diagnostic criteria in a cohort of eighty-five samples from dogs with an archival diagnosis of intracranial glioma. Five pathologists independently reviewed H&E and immunohistochemistry sections and provided a diagnosis and grade. Percentage agreement and kappa statistics were calculated to measure inter-pathologist agreement between pairs and amongst the entire group. A consensus diagnosis of glioma subtype and grade was achieved for 71/85 (84%) cases. For these cases, percentage agreement on combined diagnosis (subtype and grade), subtype only and grade only were 66%, 80% and 82%, respectively. Kappa statistics for the same were 0.466, 0.542 and 0.516, respectively. Kappa statistics for oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma and undefined glioma were 0.585, 0.566 and 0.280 and were 0.516 for both low-grade and high-grade tumours. Kappa statistics amongst pairs of pathologists for combined diagnosis varied from 0.352 to 0.839. 8 % of archival oligodendrogliomas and 61% of archival astrocytomas were reclassified as another entity after review. Inter-pathologist agreement utilising CBTC guidelines for canine glioma was moderate overall but varied from fair to almost perfect between pairs of pathologists. Agreement was similar for oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas but lower for undefined gliomas. These results are similar to pathologist agreement in human glioma studies and with other tumour entities in veterinary medicine.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Dogs; Oligodendroglioma; Pathologists; Dog Diseases; Glioma; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms
PubMed: 35856268
DOI: 10.1111/vco.12853 -
CNS Oncology 2015Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOs) are rare brain tumors responsive to chemotherapy with procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU) and vincristine (PCV), especially when harboring... (Review)
Review
Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOs) are rare brain tumors responsive to chemotherapy with procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU) and vincristine (PCV), especially when harboring 1p19q codeletion. However, with the emergence of temozolomide as an easier to administer and less toxic alternative regimen, PCV fell out of favor. Now, long-term results of two Phase III studies conceived in the 1990s, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9402 and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 26951, resurrected debate about the potential role of PCV. No adequately powered prospective trial has compared chemotherapy alone with PCV versus temozolomide for newly diagnosed 1p19q codeleted AOs. Available data suggest responses may be both more frequent and more durable with PCV, and survival may be longer. Which regimen is 'better', therefore, depends on the importance of different metrics (i.e., toxicity, complexity, efficacy), and await definitive results from the important ongoing and recently redesigned CODEL international Phase III trial.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dacarbazine; Humans; Lomustine; Oligodendroglioma; Procarbazine; Temozolomide; Treatment Outcome; Vincristine
PubMed: 26544062
DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.36 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Oct 2023An 11-year-old spayed female French bulldog was referred on suspicion of nasal tumor. Anaplastic oligodendroglioma in the olfactory bulb that was suspected to have...
An 11-year-old spayed female French bulldog was referred on suspicion of nasal tumor. Anaplastic oligodendroglioma in the olfactory bulb that was suspected to have invaded the nasal cavity was diagnosed from imaging and histopathology. Metastasis to cervical lymph nodes was suspected, with no other metastases identified. The brain-to-nasal lesion and lymph nodes were treated with hypo-fractionated radiation therapy. Nasal congestion soon resolved. About 3 months later, follow-up computed tomography revealed multiple hepatic and splenic masses, which were cytologically suspected as metastatic oligodendroglioma. Nimustine, followed by toceranib phosphate, seemed to have no effect, and the dog died on day 167. Postmortem examination revealed the primary tumor disappearance and systemic metastases. Canine oligodendroglioma can grow outside the cranial vault, and systemically metastasize.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Female; Oligodendroglioma; Brain Neoplasms; Neck; Brain; Nose; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37558495
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0136 -
Neuro-oncology Jul 2022With improved outcome following aggressive treatment in patients with grade 2 and 3 IDH-mutant (IDHmt), 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma and IDHmt, non-codeleted... (Review)
Review
With improved outcome following aggressive treatment in patients with grade 2 and 3 IDH-mutant (IDHmt), 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma and IDHmt, non-codeleted astrocytoma, prolonged surveillance is desirable for early detection of tumor growth and malignant transformation. Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines provide imaging follow-up recommendations based on molecular classification of lower-grade gliomas, although individualized imaging guidelines based on treatments received and after tumor recurrence are not clearly specified. Other available guidelines have yet to incorporate the molecular biomarkers that inform the WHO classification of gliomas, and in some cases do not adequately consider current knowledge on IDHmt glioma growth rate and recurrence patterns. Moreover, these guidelines also do not provide specific recommendations for concerning clinical symptoms or radiographic findings warranting imaging studies out of prespecified intervals. Focusing on molecularly defined grade 2 and 3 IDHmt astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, we review current knowledge of tumor growth rates and time to tumor progression for each tumor type and propose a range of recommended MRI surveillance intervals for both the newly diagnosed and recurrent tumor setting. Additionally, we summarize situations in which imaging is advisable outside of these intervals.
Topics: Adult; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Humans; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; Mutation; Oligodendroglioma; Retrospective Studies; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35137214
DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac031 -
The British Journal of Radiology Dec 2011Despite advances in therapy, gliomas remain associated with poor prognosis. Clinical advances will be achieved through molecularly targeted biological therapies, for... (Review)
Review
Despite advances in therapy, gliomas remain associated with poor prognosis. Clinical advances will be achieved through molecularly targeted biological therapies, for which knowledge of molecular genetic and gene expression characteristics in relation to histopathology and in vivo imaging are essential. Recent research supports the molecular classification of gliomas based on genetic alterations or gene expression profiles, and imaging data supports the concept that molecular subtypes of glioma may be distinguished through non-invasive anatomical, physiological and metabolic imaging techniques, suggesting differences in the baseline biology of genetic subtypes of infiltrating glioma. Furthermore, MRI signatures are now being associated with complex gene expression profiles and cellular signalling pathways through genome-wide microarray studies using samples obtained by image guidance which may be co-registered with clinical imaging. In this review we describe the pathobiology, molecular pathogenesis, stem cells and imaging characteristics of gliomas with emphasis on astrocytomas and oligodendroglial neoplasms.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Breast; Child; Gene Expression Profiling; Glioma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mice; Molecular Biology; Oligodendroglioma
PubMed: 22433833
DOI: 10.1259/bjr/23430927 -
Pediatric Neurosurgery 2018Pediatric oligodendroglioma (pODG) is a rare primary brain tumor that remains poorly understood. Demographics, outcomes, and prognostic factors were analyzed in 346 pODG...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Pediatric oligodendroglioma (pODG) is a rare primary brain tumor that remains poorly understood. Demographics, outcomes, and prognostic factors were analyzed in 346 pODG cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.
METHODS
Gender, race, age, tumor location, tumor size, tumor grade, extent of resection, and use of radiotherapy were evaluated with respect to overall survival (OS) by univariate and multivariate analysis. These factors were assessed in the pediatric cohort and 5,753 adult oligodendroglioma cases for comparison.
RESULTS
The mean OS in pODG was 199.6 months. Five- and 10-year survival rates were 85 and 81%. pODG arose less frequently in the frontal lobe than adult tumors (53 vs. 22%) but was more common in the temporal lobe (32 vs. 18%) and extracortical regions (19 vs. 5%, p < 0.0001). pODG presented with smaller size (55 vs. 24%, p < 0.0001) and lower grade (72 vs. 54%, p < 0.0001) than adult tumors. Tumor location, size, grade, use of radiotherapy, and extent of resection were significant prognostic factors. Size and grade were much stronger prognostic factors in children than adults. While children with oligodendroglioma survive much longer than adults on the whole, there was no difference in outcome between children with high-grade tumors and adults with high-grade tumors.
CONCLUSION
pODG differs significantly from adult oligodendroglioma along a number of demographic and tumor factors at a population level, and key prognostic factors influence survival differently in pODG than in adult disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Oligodendroglioma; Population Surveillance; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; SEER Program; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29131101
DOI: 10.1159/000481458