-
Nutrients Sep 2021Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent... (Review)
Review
Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Immunomodulation; Infant; Infant Health; Milk, Human; Nutrients; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 34684364
DOI: 10.3390/nu13103364 -
Biotechnology Advances Nov 2020Oligosaccharides are important ingredients for food and feed products. There has therefore been much interest in the development of biocatalytic processes for their... (Review)
Review
Oligosaccharides are important ingredients for food and feed products. There has therefore been much interest in the development of biocatalytic processes for their production. Irrespective of the oligosaccharide manufacturing route, that is, bottom-up synthesis or controlled depolymerization of a polysaccharide, isolating the product from the reaction mixture usually presents a considerable challenge. In order to establish a successful production process, development of an efficient (high-yielding, cost-effective) route of downstream processing (DSP) is key. Here, we review unit operations, and their corresponding separation principles, used in the production of oligosaccharides. Ligand-exchange and other forms of chromatography, frequently applied in set-ups for continuous process operation, are widely used. Membrane technologies, especially nanofiltration but also electrodialysis, have gained considerably in importance. Solvent extraction methods are specialized techniques in oligosaccharide production that have occasionally been considered. We use examples from oligosaccharide productions, in which the upstream part of the process has been well established (e.g., galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides), to discuss advances in the materials used for separation and to describe salient process parameters for optimization of the respective DSP unit operation. The importance of unit operations assembly into an overall efficient DSP route is discussed. The applicability of these unit operations in the production of upcoming oligosaccharide products (e.g., xylo-oligosaccharides) is considered.
Topics: Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 32450278
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107568 -
Nutrition Reviews Nov 2017Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations.
DATA SOURCES
A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed.
STUDY SELECTION
The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected.
DATA EXTRACTION
Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods.
RESULTS
Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
Topics: Female; Humans; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 29053807
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Dec 2015Inulin is a flexible oligosaccharide which has been used primarily in food for decades. Recently new applications in the pharmaceutical arena were described. In a... (Review)
Review
Inulin is a flexible oligosaccharide which has been used primarily in food for decades. Recently new applications in the pharmaceutical arena were described. In a previous review (Mensink et al. (2015). Carbohydrate Polymers, 130, 405) we described the physicochemical characteristics of inulin, characteristics which make inulin a highly versatile substance. Here, we review its pharmaceutical applications. Applications of inulin that are addressed are stabilization of proteins, modified drug delivery (dissolution rate enhancement and drug targeting), and lastly physiological and disease-modifying effects of inulin. Further uses of inulin include colon specific drug administration and stabilizing and adjuvating vaccine formulations. Overall, the uses of inulin in the pharmaceutical area are very diverse and research is still continuing, particularly with chemically modified inulins. It is therefore likely that even more applications will be found for this flexible oligosaccharide.
Topics: Animals; Drug Carriers; Humans; Inulin; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 26428143
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.022 -
Bioengineered Feb 2022Interest in functional food, such as non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides is increasing day by day and their production is shifting toward sustainable... (Review)
Review
Interest in functional food, such as non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides is increasing day by day and their production is shifting toward sustainable manufacturing. Due to the presence of high carbohydrate content, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the most-potential, cost-effective and sustainable substrate for production of many useful products, including lignocellulose-derived prebiotic oligosaccharides (LDOs). These have the same worthwhile properties as other common oligosaccharides, such as short chain carbohydrates digestible to the gut flora but not to humans mainly due to their resistance to the low pH and high temperature and their demand is constantly increasing mainly due to increased awareness about their potential health benefits. Despite several advantages over the thermo-chemical route of synthesis, comprehensive and updated information on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to prebiotic oligomers via controlled enzymatic saccharification is not available in the literature. Thus, the main objective of this review is to highlight recent advancements in enzymatic synthesis of LDOs, current challenges, and future prospects of sustainably producing prebiotic oligomers via enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB substrates. Enzyme reaction engineering practices, custom-made enzyme preparations, controlled enzymatic hydrolysis, and protein engineering approaches have been discussed with regard to their applications in sustainable synthesis of lignocellulose-derived oligosaccharide prebiotics. An overview of scale-up aspects and market potential of LDOs has also been provided.
Topics: Biomass; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lignin; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics
PubMed: 35034543
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023801 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Nov 2022Automated chemical synthesis has revolutionized synthetic access to biopolymers in terms of simplicity and speed. While automated oligosaccharide synthesis has become...
Automated chemical synthesis has revolutionized synthetic access to biopolymers in terms of simplicity and speed. While automated oligosaccharide synthesis has become faster and more versatile, the parallel synthesis of oligosaccharides is not yet possible. Here, a chemical vapor glycosylation strategy (VaporSPOT) is described that enables the simultaneous synthesis of oligosaccharides on a cellulose membrane solid support. Different linkers allow for flexible and straightforward cleavage, purification, and characterization of the target oligosaccharides. This method is the basis for the development of parallel automated glycan synthesis platforms.
Topics: Oligosaccharides; Glycosylation
PubMed: 36269942
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07285 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023The genus presents five different pathogenic species: , , , and . These species cause infections mainly in fish, but they can also infect reptiles, birds or humans....
The genus presents five different pathogenic species: , , , and . These species cause infections mainly in fish, but they can also infect reptiles, birds or humans. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these bacteria. For the first time, the chemical structure and genomics of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharides of , , and were studied. The complete gene assignments for all core biosynthesis gene functions were acquired. The structure of core oligosaccharides was investigated by ¹H and C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of and core oligosaccharides show the presence of →3,4)-L--α-D--Hep, two terminal β-D-Glc, →2,3,7)-L--α-D--Hep, →7)-L--α-D--Hep, terminal α-D-GlcN, two →4)-α-D-GalA, → 3)-α-D-GlcNAc, terminal β-D-Gal and →5-substituted Kdo. core oligosaccharide shows only one terminal β-D-Glc, and instead of terminal β-D-Gal a terminal α-D-GlcNAc. core oligosaccharide shows only one terminal β-D-Glc, one →4)-α-D-GalA and do not have terminal α-D-GlcN (see complementary figure).
Topics: Animals; Humans; Carbohydrate Sequence; Lipopolysaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methylation
PubMed: 36902212
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054768 -
Food Chemistry May 2023Oligosaccharides are known for several bioactivities on health, however, in sensitive individuals, can cause intestinal discomfort. This study aimed to investigate the...
Oligosaccharides are known for several bioactivities on health, however, in sensitive individuals, can cause intestinal discomfort. This study aimed to investigate the oligosaccharide profiles in selected plant-based food products. A quantification method based on high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection was developed, validated, and used to measure major oligosaccharides. Additional low-abundant oligosaccharides and glycosides were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and glycosidases. The summed concentration of raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose ranged from 0.12-0.19 mg/g in almond milk, 3.6-6.4 mg/g in soy milk, and 74-77 and 4.8-57 mg/g in defatted and full-fat soy four. Over 80 different oligosaccharides were characterized. Novel compounds, 2,3-butanediol glycosides, were identified in almond milk. Low-abundant oligosaccharides represented 25 %, 6 %, and 10 % of total OS in almond milk, soy milk, and soy flour, respectively. The data here are useful to estimate oligosaccharide consumption from dietary intake and facilitate further studies on their bioactivity.
Topics: Humans; Soy Milk; Prunus dulcis; Flour; Oligosaccharides; Glycosides
PubMed: 36586264
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135267 -
Biomolecules Oct 2020A number of studies have shown that glycosylation of proteins plays diverse functions in the lives of organisms, has crucial biological and physiological roles in... (Review)
Review
A number of studies have shown that glycosylation of proteins plays diverse functions in the lives of organisms, has crucial biological and physiological roles in pathogen-host interactions, and is involved in a large number of biological events in the immune system, and in virus and bacteria recognition. The large amount of scientific interest in glycoproteins of molluscan hemocyanins is due not only to their complex quaternary structures, but also to the great diversity of their oligosaccharide structures with a high carbohydrate content (2-9%). This great variety is due to their specific monosaccharide composition and different side chain composition. The determination of glycans and glycopeptides was performed with the most commonly used methods for the analysis of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins, including Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF), Liquid Chromatography - Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS), Liquid Chromatography (LC-Q-trap-MS/MS) or Nano- Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (nano-ESI-MS) and others. The molluscan hemocyanins have complex carbohydrate structures with predominant -linked glycans. Of interest are identified structures with methylated hexoses and xyloses arranged at different positions in the carbohydrate moieties of molluscan hemocyanins. Novel acidic glycan structures with specific glycosylation positions, e.g., hemocyanins that enable a deeper insight into the glycosylation process, were observed in , , and . Recent studies demonstrate that glycosylation plays a crucial physiological role in the immunostimulatory and therapeutic effect of glycoproteins. The remarkable diversity of hemocyanin glycan content is an important feature of their immune function and provides a new concept in the antibody-antigen interaction through clustered carbohydrate epitopes.
Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Conformation; Hemocyanins; Mollusca; Oligosaccharides; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 33105875
DOI: 10.3390/biom10111470 -
Marine Drugs Sep 2021Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a major... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It is of great significance to develop natural products to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, which is the second most abundant polymer in nature. In recent years, COS has received widespread attention due to its various biological activities. The present review will summarize the evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies of the beneficial effects of COS on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, and focus attention on possible mechanisms of the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome by COS.
Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Aquatic Organisms; Chitosan; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 34564163
DOI: 10.3390/md19090501