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Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Apr 2019Oropharyngeal cancer (opc) has become the leading site for human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated cancers in humans. It is an epidemic that remains relatively unfamiliar... (Review)
Review
Oropharyngeal cancer (opc) has become the leading site for human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated cancers in humans. It is an epidemic that remains relatively unfamiliar to most physicians, potentially delaying diagnosis and treatment. Traditionally, cancers involving the head and neck have occurred in smokers and in those with a significant alcohol history. Typically, hpv-positive opc presents in a younger, healthier population with a different set of risk factors and good prognosis for survival. However, many head-and-neck cancer patients, including those with hpv-positive disease, develop lifelong disabilities because of the morbid nature of their treatments, and those patients have the highest level of unmet needs in studies spanning cancer sites. Knowledge of this epidemic, a high index of suspicion, and an understanding of how the tumours present in clinical practice can help physicians to make an early diagnosis, thus sparing the patient significant morbidity from treatments associated with more advanced disease stages. Furthermore, recognizing that these patients have distinct psychosocial needs and implementing a collaborative team approach is critical to providing optimal care and improving quality of life in the survivorship period.
Topics: Humans; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 31043814
DOI: 10.3747/co.26.4819 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Oct 2019Medullary thyroid carcinoma (mtc) is a rare malignancy of the thyroid gland, and raising awareness of the recommended diagnostic workup and pathologic characteristics of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (mtc) is a rare malignancy of the thyroid gland, and raising awareness of the recommended diagnostic workup and pathologic characteristics of this malignancy is therefore important.
METHODS
We reviewed the current clinical practice guidelines and recent literature on mtc, and here, we summarize the recommendations for its diagnosis and workup. We also provide an overview of the pathology of mtc.
RESULTS
A neuroendocrine tumour, mtc arises from parafollicular cells ("C cells"), which secrete calcitonin. As part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (men) type 2 syndromes, mtc can occur sporadically or in a hereditary form. This usually poorly delineated and infiltrative tumour is composed of solid nests of discohesive cells within a fibrous stroma that might also contain amyloid. Suspicious nodules on thyroid ultrasonography should be assessed with fine-needle aspiration (fna). If a diagnosis of mtc is made on fna, patients require baseline measurements of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen. Calcitonin levels greater than 500 pg/mL or clinical suspicion for metastatic disease dictate the need for further imaging studies. All patients should undergo dna analysis for mutations to diagnose men type 2 syndromes, and if positive, they should be assessed for possible pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism.
SUMMARY
Although the initial diagnosis of a suspicious thyroid nodule is the same for differentiated thyroid carcinoma and mtc, the remainder of the workup and diagnosis for mtc is distinct.
Topics: Calcitonin; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Germ-Line Mutation; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 31708652
DOI: 10.3747/co.26.5539 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Nov 2023Research into the potential benefits of artificial intelligence for comprehending the intricate biology of cancer has grown as a result of the widespread use of deep... (Review)
Review
Research into the potential benefits of artificial intelligence for comprehending the intricate biology of cancer has grown as a result of the widespread use of deep learning and machine learning in the healthcare sector and the availability of highly specialized cancer datasets. Here, we review new artificial intelligence approaches and how they are being used in oncology. We describe how artificial intelligence might be used in the detection, prognosis, and administration of cancer treatments and introduce the use of the latest large language models such as ChatGPT in oncology clinics. We highlight artificial intelligence applications for omics data types, and we offer perspectives on how the various data types might be combined to create decision-support tools. We also evaluate the present constraints and challenges to applying artificial intelligence in precision oncology. Finally, we discuss how current challenges may be surmounted to make artificial intelligence useful in clinical settings in the future.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine; Machine Learning; Medical Oncology
PubMed: 38012673
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01514-5 -
Gynecologic Oncology Aug 2017The emphasis in contemporary medical oncology has been "precision" or "personalized" medicine, terms that imply a strategy to improve efficacy through targeted... (Review)
Review
The emphasis in contemporary medical oncology has been "precision" or "personalized" medicine, terms that imply a strategy to improve efficacy through targeted therapies. Similar attempts at precision are occurring in surgical oncology. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has recently been introduced into the surgical staging of endometrial cancer with the goal to reduce morbidity associated with comprehensive lymphadenectomy, yet obtain prognostic information from lymph node status. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology's (SGO) Clinical Practice Committee and SLN Working Group reviewed the current literature for preparation of this document. Literature-based recommendations for the inclusion of SLN assessment in the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer are presented. This article examines.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Carcinoma, Endometrioid; Carcinosarcoma; Colorimetry; Coloring Agents; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Lymph Node Excision; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous; Organotechnetium Compounds; Sentinel Lymph Node; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Societies, Medical; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Surgical Oncology
PubMed: 28566221
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.05.027 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Jun 2020
Topics: Fatigue; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 32173483
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.02.016 -
Nature Communications Jun 2022The genetic, biologic, and clinical heterogeneity of sarcomas poses a challenge for the identification of therapeutic targets, clinical research, and advancing patient...
The genetic, biologic, and clinical heterogeneity of sarcomas poses a challenge for the identification of therapeutic targets, clinical research, and advancing patient care. Because there are > 100 sarcoma subtypes, in-depth genetic studies have focused on one or a few subtypes. Herein, we report a comparative genetic analysis of 2,138 sarcomas representing 45 pathological entities. This cohort is prospectively analyzed using targeted sequencing to characterize subtype-specific somatic alterations in targetable pathways, rates of whole genome doubling, mutational signatures, and subtype-agnostic genomic clusters. The most common alterations are in cell cycle control and TP53, receptor tyrosine kinases/PI3K/RAS, and epigenetic regulators. Subtype-specific associations include TERT amplification in intimal sarcoma and SWI/SNF alterations in uterine adenosarcoma. Tumor mutational burden, while low compared to other cancers, varies between and within subtypes. This resource will improve sarcoma models, motivate studies of subtype-specific alterations, and inform investigations of genetic factors and their correlations with treatment response.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Genomics; Humans; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 35705560
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30453-x -
Experimental and Clinical... Jan 2024
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Seminars in Oncology Nursing Feb 2019To review basic oncology genetic/genomic terminology through a 10-question quiz. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review basic oncology genetic/genomic terminology through a 10-question quiz.
DATA SOURCES
Published literature, national guidelines, and Web sites.
CONCLUSION
Cancer care now requires the integration of genetic/genomic information into the daily practice of oncology nurses.
IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
Oncology nurses and health care providers can work to improve the care of oncology patients by understanding basic genetics/genomics topics such as cancer risk assessment, hereditary cancer syndromes, pharmacogenomics, epigenetics, and legislation to protect genetic testing results.
Topics: Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Testing; Genome, Human; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasms; Oncology Nursing
PubMed: 30660357
DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2018.12.002 -
Oncology 2020In the era of personalized and precision medicine, informatics technologies utilizing machine learning (ML) and quantitative imaging are witnessing a rapidly increasing... (Review)
Review
In the era of personalized and precision medicine, informatics technologies utilizing machine learning (ML) and quantitative imaging are witnessing a rapidly increasing role in medicine in general and in oncology in particular. This expanding role ranges from computer-aided diagnosis to decision support of treatments with the potential to transform the current landscape of cancer management. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of ML methodologies and imaging informatics techniques and their recent application in modern oncology. We will review example applications of ML in oncology from the literature, identify current challenges and highlight future potentials.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Machine Learning; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 30472716
DOI: 10.1159/000493575 -
Cancer Cell Feb 2021Comorbid conditions among cancer survivors are not a stranger to oncologists, but the conditions change when the cancer therapy toolbox expands. New interdisciplinary...
Comorbid conditions among cancer survivors are not a stranger to oncologists, but the conditions change when the cancer therapy toolbox expands. New interdisciplinary fields are recognized. We ask clinicians from psycho-oncology, cardio-oncology, and neurology to tell us how the fields have progressed and what to expect when we are standing at the crossroads of cancer.
Topics: Cancer Survivors; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33561392
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.018